Literature Review (15pages)

• Urbanization and Energy Consumption
  • Empirical Studies in environmental impacts of urbanization in China and other country

(e.g. (Y. Ding & Li, 2017; Elliott, Sun, & Zhu, 2017; He, Wang, Liu, Ma, & Liu, 2017; Poumanyvong & Kaneko, 2010; Satterthwaite, 2008; Wang, Wu, Zeng, & Wu, 2016)

• With special concern on residential sector

(e.g. (Donglan, Dequn, & Peng, 2010; Yao, Chen, & Li, 2012; Zhao, Li, & Ma, 2012; Zheng et al., 2014)

• Distinguish direct and indirect energy consumption

• Lifestyle and behavior analysis for residential energy consumption
  • Definition of Lifestyle in various discipline with special concern on environmental studies
  • Empirical studies: Lifestyle and energy consumption

(Bin & Dowlatabadi, 2005; Q. Ding, Cai, Wang, & Sanwal, 2017; Wei, Liu, Fan, & Wu, 2007)

• Limitation of the existing method: mainly focus on impacts associated with consumption lifestyle
• (Schipper, 1989)- an counter-argument stating the importance of time use in energy

• Time Use Research
  • History and Development of this time use survey
    • Survey and methodology; popularity

(“<Charmes – 2015 – Time use across the world Findings of a world compilation of time-use surveys.pdf>,” ; Michelson, 2015)

• Current major implication area

(“<Basner et al. – 2007 – American Time Use Survey Sleep Time and Its Relationship to Waking Activities.pdf>,” ; “<Chatzitheochari et al. – 2015 – Measuring young people’s time-use in the UK Millennium Cohort Study A mixed-mode time diary approach.pdf>,” ; “<Gershuny – 2011 – Time-use surveys and the measurement of national well-being.pdf>,” ; Robinson & Martin, 2011; Zhou, Li, Xue, & Lei, 2012)

• Relation to Resource consumption; energy consumption

• Overall concept (Rau, 2015);
• Time use is used to study energy in two disciplines:
  • Ecological economics: using time use pattern and consumption expenditure as indicator of lifestyle for studying direct and indirect effect of lifestyle on energy consumption

Finland, UK (Druckman, Buck, Hayward, & Jackson, 2012; Druckman & Jackson, 2016; Mikko Jalas, 2002, 2005, 2009; M. Jalas, 2012; Mikko Jalas & Juntunen, 2015);  China (Yu, Wei, Kei, & Matsuoka, 2018)

• Electricity Engineering: using time use pattern for constructing bottom-up high resolution electricity profile

(Ramírez-Mendiola, Grünewald, & Eyre, 2018; Richardson, Thomson, & Infield, 2008; Richardson, Thomson, Infield, & Clifford, 2010; Torriti, 2014, 2017; Widén & Wäckelgård, 2010)

• Urbanization, Lifestyle and Time Use Research

A limited  study have studies the energy implication of time use pattern under the background of social changes like urbanization, but mostly limited to descriptive statistics, no explanatory statistics

(Haselsteiner, Smetschka, Remesch, & Gaube, 2015; Heinonen, Jalas, Juntunen, Ala-Mantila, & Junnila, 2013a, 2013b; Wiedenhofer, Smetschka, Akenji, Jalas, & Haberl, 2018)

à Gap: urbanization, lifestyle, time use and energy consumption; other study focus on the implication of urbanization in residential electricity consumption in lifestyle perspective, which we define lifestyle as the combination of time use pattern (structural component of life) and activity intensity (how the lifestyle is performed at the use of energy)

<Basner et al. – 2007 – American Time Use Survey Sleep Time and Its Relationship to Waking Activities.pdf>.

Bin, S., & Dowlatabadi, H. (2005). Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 33(2), 197-208. doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(03)00210-6

<Charmes – 2015 – Time use across the world Findings of a world compilation of time-use surveys.pdf>.

<Chatzitheochari et al. – 2015 – Measuring young people’s time-use in the UK Millennium Cohort Study A mixed-mode time diary approach.pdf>.

Ding, Q., Cai, W., Wang, C., & Sanwal, M. (2017). The relationships between household consumption activities and energy consumption in china— An input-output analysis from the lifestyle perspective. Applied Energy, 207, 520-532. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.003

Ding, Y., & Li, F. (2017). Examining the effects of urbanization and industrialization on carbon dioxide emission: Evidence from China’s provincial regions. Energy, 125, 533-542. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.156

Donglan, Z., Dequn, Z., & Peng, Z. (2010). Driving forces of residential CO2 emissions in urban and rural China: An index decomposition analysis. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3377-3383. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.011

Druckman, A., Buck, I., Hayward, B., & Jackson, T. (2012). Time, gender and carbon: A study of the carbon implications of British adults’ use of time. Ecological Economics, 84, 153-163. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.09.008

Druckman, A., & Jackson, T. (2016). Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emissions. 181-203. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20571-7_9

Elliott, R. J. R., Sun, P., & Zhu, T. (2017). The direct and indirect effect of urbanization on energy intensity: A province-level study for China. Energy, 123, 677-692. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.143

<Gershuny – 2011 – Time-use surveys and the measurement of national well-being.pdf>.

Haselsteiner, E., Smetschka, B., Remesch, A., & Gaube, V. (2015). Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links. Sustainability, 7(6), 8022-8050. doi:10.3390/su7068022

He, J., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Ma, H., & Liu, Q. (2017). Examining the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment using a coupling analysis: Case study of Shanghai, China. Ecological Indicators, 77, 185-193. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.017

Heinonen, J., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J. K., Ala-Mantila, S., & Junnila, S. (2013a). Situated lifestyles: I. How lifestyles change along with the level of urbanization and what the greenhouse gas implications are—a study of Finland. Environmental Research Letters, 8(2), 025003. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025003

Heinonen, J., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J. K., Ala-Mantila, S., & Junnila, S. (2013b). Situated lifestyles: II. The impacts of urban density, housing type and motorization on the greenhouse gas emissions of the middle-income consumers in Finland. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 035050. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035050

Jalas, M. (2002). A time use perspective on the materials intensity of consumption. Ecological Economics, 41.

Jalas, M. (2005). The Everyday Life Context of Increasing Energy Demands: Time Use Survey Data in a Decomposition Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(1-2), 129-145. doi:10.1162/1088198054084644

Jalas, M. (2009). Time-use Rebound Effects an Activity-based View of Consumption. In H. S. Herring, Steve (Ed.), Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Consumption. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Jalas, M. (2012). Debating the proper pace of life: sustainable consumption policy processes at national and municipal levels. Environmental Politics, 21(3), 369-386. doi:10.1080/09644016.2012.671570

Jalas, M., & Juntunen, J. K. (2015). Energy intensive lifestyles: Time use, the activity patterns of consumers, and related energy demands in Finland. Ecological Economics, 113, 51-59. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.02.016

Michelson, W. H. (2015). Time use: Expanding explanation in the social sciences: Routledge.

Poumanyvong, P., & Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 434-444. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.029

Ramírez-Mendiola, J. L., Grünewald, P., & Eyre, N. (2018). Linking intra-day variations in residential electricity demand loads to consumers’ activities: What’s missing? Energy and Buildings, 161, 63-71. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.012

Rau, H. (2015). Time Use and Resource Consumption. 373-378. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.91090-0

Richardson, I., Thomson, M., & Infield, D. (2008). A high-resolution domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations. Energy and Buildings, 40(8), 1560-1566. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.02.006

Richardson, I., Thomson, M., Infield, D., & Clifford, C. (2010). Domestic electricity use: A high-resolution energy demand model. Energy and Buildings, 42(10), 1878-1887. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.023

Robinson, J. P., & Martin, S. (2011). Time use as a social indicator. In K. C. M. Land, Alex C.; Sirgy, M. Joseph; (Ed.), Handbook of social indicators and quality of life research (pp. 159-179). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.

Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities’ contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization, 20(2), 539-549. doi:10.1177/0956247808096127

Schipper, L. B., Sarita; Hawk, Dianne; Vine, Eward;. (1989). Linking life-styles and energy use a matter of time. Annual review of energy, 14, 273-320.

Torriti, J. (2014). A review of time use models of residential electricity demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 265-272. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.034

Torriti, J. (2017). Understanding the timing of energy demand through time use data: Time of the day dependence of social practices. Energy Research & Social Science, 25, 37-47. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.12.004

Wang, Q., Wu, S.-d., Zeng, Y.-e., & Wu, B.-w. (2016). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions in different provinces of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1563-1579. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.090

Wei, Y.-M., Liu, L.-C., Fan, Y., & Wu, G. (2007). The impact of lifestyle on energy use and CO2 emission: An empirical analysis of China’s residents. Energy Policy, 35(1), 247-257. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.020

Widén, J., & Wäckelgård, E. (2010). A high-resolution stochastic model of domestic activity patterns and electricity demand. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1880-1892. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.006

Wiedenhofer, D., Smetschka, B., Akenji, L., Jalas, M., & Haberl, H. (2018). Household time use, carbon footprints, and urban form: a review of the potential contributions of everyday living to the 1.5 °C climate target. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 30, 7-17. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.007

Yao, C., Chen, C., & Li, M. (2012). Analysis of rural residential energy consumption and corresponding carbon emissions in China. Energy Policy, 41, 445-450. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.005

Yu, B., Wei, Y.-M., Kei, G., & Matsuoka, Y. (2018). Future scenarios for energy consumption and carbon emissions due to demographic transitions in Chinese households. Nature Energy, 3(2), 109-118. doi:10.1038/s41560-017-0053-4

Zhao, X., Li, N., & Ma, C. (2012). Residential energy consumption in urban China: A decomposition analysis. Energy Policy, 41, 644-653. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.027

Zheng, X., Wei, C., Qin, P., Guo, J., Yu, Y., Song, F., & Chen, Z. (2014). Characteristics of residential energy consumption in China: Findings from a household survey. Energy Policy, 75, 126-135. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.07.016

Zhou, H. F., Li, Z. S., Xue, D. Q., & Lei, Y. (2012). Time Use Patterns Between Maintenance, Subsistence and Leisure Activities: A Case Study in China. Social Indicators Research, 105(1), 121-136. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9768-3

Chapter 1 Introduction (10 pages)

• Research Background (3.5 pages)
  • Climate Change and China
    • Paris Agreement, Role of China in global climate mitigation; Actions taken by China by sectors.
  • Current and future energy consumption in China;
    • Energy mix by sector; by fuel; with special focus on residential electricity consumption
    • Implication to global climate mitigation of social changes, with special highlight of urbanization
  • Urbanization in China
    • General situation: Urbanization path; related policies
    • Environmental implication of future rapid urbanization
    • with special emphasis on unclear mechanism between urbanization and residential energy consumption

• Research Objective and questions (3.5 pages)
  • Motivation of research
    • Apparently conflicting interesting of climate mitigation and urbanization, i.e. pressing on the reduction in energy consumption and adding huge energy demand.
    • Studies examining the casual relationship between urbanization and environment generally problem, but insufficient explanation

à More understandings of the underlying mechanism and interaction between urbanization and environment are needed.

• Scope of research
  • Urbanization
    • Primary focus is not the mitigation of rural population to urban areas, but presumed that individual behaviors and lifestyles is highly configured by external environment, this study focus on the environmental impacts of lifestyle changes associated with urbanization.
  • Using residential sector as an example
    • Reason: Environmental implication; ease to be altered and reconstructed by social changes; unexplored area
  • Direct Electricity Consumption
    • Reason: Growing share of electricity in residential energy mix

• Research question:
  • What is the implication on residential electricity consumption of urbanization in perspective of lifestyle?
    • How does residential electricity consumption embed to urban and rural Chinese lifestyle?
    • How difference is urban and rural Chinese electricity-consuming lifestyle?
    • What are the factors leading to the difference?
    • What will be the impacts of residential energy consumption induced by lifestyle changes associated with urbanization?

• Research significance (1 pages)
  • Academic significance
  • Policy significance

• Organization of thesis (2pages)

This thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 provide detailed accounts of research background, literature review, research framework and methodology. Chapter 4 demonstrates the use of secondary data in reconstructing daily time-use based residential electricity pattern of the typical individual. Chapter 5 examine the causal relationship between urbanization and residential electricity consumption with time-use pattern as a bridge. In Chapter 6, the potential impacts of urbanization on residential electricity consumption is examined. Chapter 7 summarizes the main findings of the thesis, examines the implication for China’s urbanization policies in environmental perspectives and briefly discusses potential future topics.