1. Does the hypothesis match the purpose of the study?
2. Formulate a null hypothesis for this study.
3. Were the objectives, questions, or hypotheses logically linked to the concepts and relationships (propositions) in the framework? Explain.
4. List all research variables with corresponding levels of measurement on the NOIR scale.
5. Do variables represent the concepts identified in the framework?
6. How is each study variable defined (both conceptually and operationally)?
7. Are conceptual definitions of variables consistent with operational definitions?
8. What was the design was used in the study? Was it the most appropriate design to answer the study question? Explain.
9. Was the design logically linked to the sampling method and statistical analyses?
10. Did the design provide a means to examine all objectives, questions, or hypotheses?
11. What was the design was used in the study? Was it the most appropriate design to answer the study question? Explain.
12. Was the design logically linked to the sampling method and statistical analyses?
13. Did the design provide a means to examine all objectives, questions, or hypotheses?
14. If there was an intervention (treatment) in the study:
15. what was the intervention? was it clearly described?
16. was the treatment appropriate for examining the study purpose and hypotheses?
17. did the study framework explain the links between the treatment (independent variable) and the proposed outcomes (dependent variables)?
18. were subjects randomly assigned to the treatment group, or were the treatment and comparison groups dependent?
19. were the treatment and comparison group assignments appropriate for the purpose of the study?
20. was a protocol developed to promote consistent implementation of the treatment to ensure intervention fidelity?
21. did the researcher monitor implementation of the treatment to ensure consistency? How might this impact findings?
22. Were any subjects excluded from the study because of age, socioeconomic status, or ethnicity? If so, explain. Was sound rationale provided?
23. Did the sample include an understudied or vulnerable population, such as young, elderly, pregnant, or minority subjects?
24. What sampling criteria (inclusion and exclusion) were used? Was sampling criteria appropriate for the type of study conducted? Explain.
25. Were the rights of human subjects protected? Explain.
26. Was the refusal rate for the study provided? If so:
27. was it greater than 20%?
28. how might this have affected the representativeness of the sample?
29. did the researchers provide rationale for the refusals?
30. Was the attrition rate for the study provided? If so:
31. what was it?
32. did the researchers provide a rationale for the attrition of study participants?
33. how did attrition influence the final sample as well as study results and findings?
34. How large is the sample?
35. How was sample size determined?
36. Did the measurement methods selected for the study adequately measure the study variables?
37. What instruments or tools were used to collect data?
38. How did you determine if the instruments are valid? reliable?
39. Respond to the following questions that are relevant to the measurement approaches used in the study:
40. State the data collection procedures.
41. How often were data collected and for how long?
42. Was the data collection process conducted in a consistent manner?
43. Did any adverse events occur during data collection? If adverse events did occur, how were they managed?
44. Were data analysis procedures clearly described?
45. What statistical tests were used to analyze data?
46. Were statistical tests suitable to the types of data collected/levels of measurement? Explain.
47. What assumptions in the data must be met for the type of statistical tests used? How do you know if these assumptions were met?
48. Were data analysis procedures clearly described? Did the researcher address any problems with missing data and if so, how was this problem managed?
49. Were data analysis techniques consistent with the study purpose research objectives, questions, and/or hypotheses? Explain.
50. Were data logically organized/presented in tables, graphs and/or charts? Describe.
51. What was the alpha for each statistical test?
52. Describe how statistical significance was demonstrated (or not) for each variable.
53. Were study results statistically significant? How did you determine statistical significance?
54. What is your statistical interpretation of study results?
55. Were findings discussed in relation to each objective, question, or hypothesis? In other words, was the research question/hypothesis answered? Describe.
56. What were the study conclusions? Did conclusions fit the results from the data analyses? Were the conclusions based on statistically significant and clinically important results? Explain.
57. Were study limitations described? Discuss. Do you think the study had weaknesses not identified by the researcher? If so, explain.
58. Did the researcher generalize the findings appropriately? Who will benefit from results of the study? Discuss.
59. Were there any unexpected findings? Discuss.
60. Discuss study recommendations.
61. Is need for further research identified?
62. Discuss elements of rigor based on study design. In your opinion, did the researchers address these aspects adequately in the published report? Why or why not?
63. How does rigor impact study results?
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