1) Which, if any, of the following processes affected allele frequencies in the poker chip population? Explain why or why not.
a) mutation
b) gene flow from other populations
c) natural selection
2) Explain how random mating in small populations causes evolution in allele frequencies.
3) a) Calculate the expected heterozygosity for your sub-population (e.g., group 1) during each generation and plot observed and expected heterozygosity against generation, (see below). (3) Show calculation for it for one generation using Hardy-Weinberg. (1)
b) Explain why expected heterozygosity changes between successive generations.
c) Did expected and observed heterozygosity change in parallel during the twenty generations? If not, explain what happened.
4) Suppose that each lineage of 10 individuals simulated by each tutorial group (e.g., group 1) represents a sub-population of a larger population (all of the groups 1 -5 combined). All subpopulations started in generation 0 with the same frequency of the L allele, so that the average allele frequency over all sub-populations was
p = 0.5
and the variance in allele
frequencies among sub-populations was s
2 = 0.
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