Prepare: Prior to beginning work on this assignment, please review this for additional guidance on the expectations of this assignment.
The topic of your essay needs to be a global societal problem from the following list:
- Food and water security (Flint Michigan Water Crisis)
Reflect: Based on the topic that you have chosen, you will need to use critical thinking skills to thoroughly understand how this topic can be a global societal problem and determine some logical solutions to the problem.
Write: This Final Paper, an argumentative essay, will present research relating the critical thinker to the modern, globalized world. In this assignment, you need to address the items below in separate sections with new headings for each.
In your paper,
- Identify the global societal problem within the introductory paragraph.
- Conclude with a thesis statement that states your proposed solutions to the problem. (For guidance on how to construct a good introduction paragraph, please review the Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) from the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).)
- Describe background information on how that problem developed or came into existence.
- Show why this is a societal problem.
- Provide perspectives from multiple disciplines or populations so that you fully represent what different parts of society have to say about this issue.
- Construct an argument supporting your proposed solutions, considering multiple disciplines or populations so that your solution shows that multiple parts of society will benefit from this solution.
- Provide evidence from multiple scholarly sources as evidence that your proposed solution is viable.
- Interpret statistical data from at least three peer-reviewed scholarly sources within your argument.
- Discuss the validity, reliability, and any biases.
- Identify the strengths and weaknesses of these sources, pointing out limitations of current research and attempting to indicate areas for future research. (You may even use visual representations such as graphs or charts to explain statistics from sources.)
- Evaluate the ethical outcomes that result from your solution.
- Provide at least one positive ethical outcome as well as at least one negative ethical outcome that could result from your solution.
- Explain at least two ethical issues related to each of those outcomes. (It is important to consider all of society.)
- Develop a conclusion for the last paragraphs of the essay, starting with rephrasing your thesis statement and then presenting the major points of the topic and how they support your argument. (For guidance on how to write a good conclusion paragraph, please review the Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) from the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).)
The Global Societal Problem, Argument, and Solution Paper
- Must be 1,750 to 2,250 words in length (approximately between seven and nine pages; not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.
- Must include a separate title page with the following:
- Title of paper
- Student’s name
- Course name and number
- Instructor’s name
- Date submitted
- For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Word 2013 (Links to an external site.).
- Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.) resource for additional guidance.
- Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.
- For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) as well as Writing a Thesis Statement (Links to an external site.), refer to the Ashford Writing Center resources.
- Must use at least eight scholarly sources.
- Source Document Requirements:
- Multimedia sources (such as videos) may be used, but no more than two such sources may be used. If multimedia sources are used, they must be authored and distributed by credible sources, such as universities, law schools, medical schools, or professors, or found in the Ashford University Library.
- Government sources may be used, but no more than two such sources may be used. Examples include whitehouse.gov, state.gov, usa.gov, cdc.gov, and so forth. These websites can be used to make a stronger point about your proposed solution within the argument.
- Where documents are used for source materials, those must be peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles, and academically published books. Popular media sources (e.g., newspapers, magazines, television and radio shows, etc.) must not be used. Materials from advocacy groups (e.g., Greenpeace, Human Rights Campaign, National Organization for Women, etc.) must not be used.
- Sites such as ProCon.org and Wikipedia must not be used.
- Religious texts must not be used.
- The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for an assignment. The Integrating Research (Links to an external site.) tutorial will offer further assistance with including supporting information and reasoning.
- Must document in APA style any information used from sources, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.).
- Must have no more than 15% quoted material in the body of your essay based on the Turnitin report. References list will be excluded from the Turnitin originality score.
- Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style. See the Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.) resource in the Ashford Writing Center for specifications.
- Source Document Requirements:
Good Critical Thinking Tips:
- Your paper should include academic sources that explain multiple sides of the issue.
- Your interpretations of the evidence should be objective and state the conclusions and theses presented in the evidence clearly and fairly.
- Your paper should place the various forms of evidence in relation to one another and demonstrate why one form or perspective is stronger than the other positions that one could take on the issue.
- Your paper should point out the limitations of current evidence and attempt to indicate areas for future research.
Running head: ANIMAL TESTING 1
Updated June 2018
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
Student Name
GEN 499 General Education Capstone
Professor Millie Jones
November 16, 2050*
*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a stu- dent. Used by permission.
ANIMAL TESTING 2
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and lovers everywhere. The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture.
Problem
Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction, you should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical effects of your proposed solution.
The introduction ends with a the-
sis statement that includes the
student’s pro- posed solu- tion(s) to the societal prob- lem. She also
has included the positive ethical outcome of the
solution(s).
The introduction includes a very brief discussion of why this is a
societal problem.
{
} Use section headers for
each of the major sections of your paper.
Background
Here, the student is
introducing the topic of animal testing to the
reader.
This first body section of your paper should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why this is a societal problem.
ANIMAL TESTING 3
skin care, shampoo and makeup, as well as biomedical research that provides medicine
and treatments for humans and pets alike. The BioIndustry Association (2002) argues that
“Animal research has made a vital contribution to the development of medicines that save
many lives every day” (Taylor, 2005, p. 7). In 1938 Congress passed the Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act because of public demands after tragic incidents involving an untested
product (Why Do Companies Test Cosmetics or Other Products on Animals?, 2013).
There have been many arguments and evidence that shows the “good” that animal re-
search has done in regards to biomedical research. Studies involving dogs, rats, rabbits,
cats, chickens, pigs and sheep have all helped to contribute to the understanding of heart
disease. Drugs and vaccines that can be a possible solution to the devastating HIV/AIDS
virus are present due to the tests that have been performed on chickens, cats and monkeys
with a similar virus. Animals have been used as models for research for almost every dis-
ease that is known to man (Lee, 2015). If animal testing has contributed to creating drugs
for diseases as serious as cancer and HIV/AIDS, naturally animals are being used to find
cures and treatments for many other diseases and sicknesses.
Therefore, how could animal testing be wrong? Indeed, research has shown that
animal testing is helpful to progress in the field of medicine and biomedical research as
well as developing treatments that are yielding promising results. However, it comes with
a high cost. It comes with the cost of animals being subjected to tests that put them
through distress and can harm or kill them. Humans and animals are both sentient beings;
sentient meaning a person or being that has feelings or that can feel (Sentient, 2015). Re-
search shows that 37% percent of animals used for science suffer moderate to severe
stress and discomfort or severe pain (National Statistics, 2014). When it comes to using
This paragraph discusses the first reason that ani- mal testing is a societal problem and provides evi- dence to support this.
Reason #1
In this paragraph, the student has given the reader
some background information on the
topic.
ANIMAL TESTING 4
animals for science and experimentation, people tend to focus on the fact that non-human
animals are inferior to humans. Regardless of whether or not this is true it does not take
away from the fact that animals are sentient and that they experience pain and seek pleas-
ure. Animals and people react to pain in similar ways by screaming or trying to avoid the
source of the pain. “The American Veterinary Association defines animal pain as an un-
pleasant sensory and emotional experience perceived as arising from a specific region of
the body and associated with actual or potential tissue damage” (Dunnuck, n.d, para. 6).
Some of the animals used in biomedical research are not given any pain relief. They are
subjected to painful conditions and physical procedures that leave them in intense cold or
heat, or have limbs crushed and spinal cords damaged (Callanan, 2009). Pain and suffer-
ing are unique to every individual. Every person’s and even animal’s pain threshold is
different. However, evidence clearly shows the pain that is experienced by these animals
is experienced the same way that it is in humans.
Physical pain is unfortunately not the only problem that these animals undergo.
Psychological distress, fear, and sadness have been demonstrated amongst a wide variety
of species (Ferdowisiann & Beck, 2011). The use of chimpanzees and other primates for
animal testing has generated a lot of controversy because of their similarities to humans.
Ironically enough, it is also the reason that so many researchers have wanted to use them
as models. Indeed chimpanzees are highly emotional and intelligent creatures that are
evolutionarily and genetically similar to human beings. This is the argument of research-
ers that makes them great candidates for biomedical research. Philosophy Department
Chair Lori Gruen states, “They’re very similar to us in terms of their emotional lives and
This next para- graph discusses a second reason that animal testing is a societal prob- lem and again provides evidence to support this.
Reason #2
ANIMAL TESTING 5
their intellectual and physical and social experiences, and using them in painful, invasive
ways is to harm them; they don’t consent to it” (Lee, 2015, p. 3).
Besides the obvious reasons of the pain and suffering that these animals feel, there
is the question of the necessity for animal testing in regards to medical advances. Despite
the increasing number of technological alternatives to animal testing, over 100 million
animals are legally used for animal experiments each year for medical research alone. In
2007, England, Wales and Scotland used 3.1 million animals for genetic and biomedical
experimentation (Callanan, 2009). In October of 2006 attendees of the opening day of the
Joint World Congress for Stroke in Cape Town, South Africa were devastated at the fail-
ure of a drug that was intended for ischemic stroke. The drug, NXY-059, had reached
phase III of clinical trials and failed to do what the animals used for the research had
promised. The drug was supposed to “stop the cascade of the necrosis in the event of a
stroke, and protect the remaining viable brain cells” (Gawrylewski, 2007, para. #). Direc-
tor of Michigan Alzheimer’s Diseases Research Center in the Department of Neurology
at the University of Michigan Sid Gilman says that one of the major faults in the trials for
NXY-059 was its use of animal models (Gawrylewski, 2007). Besides the millions of
dollars wasted, there was a waste of life and unnecessary use of animals for painful re-
search. This is one of many examples of disappointing let-downs of drugs that were test-
ed on animals that did not work.
Solution
Considering the horrific psychological and physical pain that animals have to go
through in the midst of testing for biomedical research, alternative testing methods are in
Reason #3 This paragraph discusses a third reason that ani- mal testing is a problem.
Evidence is used to support this.
Solution #1
This next section of your paper is where you will discuss your proposed solu- tion(s) to the problem.
ANIMAL TESTING 6
order. According to Callanan (2009), there has been much successful research and many
tests done to help find treatments for diseases and sicknesses that have plagued humans
and did not involve animal testing. Many scientists have started and are continuing to de-
velop alternate ways to test and find treatments for people because they do not want to
harm animals. Some of these new developments include cell cultures, analytical technol-
ogy, micro-organisms, computer models, population research, and volunteer studies. Cell
cultures have contributed to the understanding of cancer, Parkinson’s, and HIV/AIDS.
Analytical technology uses equipment that selects anti-cancer and anti-malaria drugs be-
cause of the reaction it produces with DNA. Computer models are allowing for virtual
experiments to be conducted (Callanan, 2009). Tissue engineering is also an alternative to
animal testing. It uses a 3-D skin equivalent that is physiologically comparable to skin. It
investigates wound healing melanoma research, infection biology, analysis of infection,
invasion of different pathological microorganisms and immunological, histological, and
molecular-biological analysis. This study has been inspired by economical and ethical
incentive (Mertsching et al, 2008). Animals are subjects for painful and uncomfortable
vaccine success for human diseases. However, some researchers have begun to rely only
on human data, cells and tissue. As far as vaccine development goes, researchers have set
up a surrogate in-vitro human immune system to help predict an individual’s immune re-
sponse to certain drugs and vaccines. This test has been compared with data from animal
experimentation and has proven to produce more accurate pre-clinical data (Ferdowsian
& Beck, 2011). This evidence shows that alternative ways to test treatments are in fact
possible and even better, making testing on animals more of a choice than a necessity.
In this paragraph, the student dis- cusses her first solution. You can see that she used several pieces of evi- dence to support her argument that this solution is viable.
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