I want to review the APA citation guidelines for both direct quotes and paraphrases. APA uses the traditional author-date method, which means that the author’s last name and the publication year will appear in in-text citation. The in-text citation should be placed before the punctuation of a sentence.
Direct quotes will also include a page number which is preceded by a “p”. For example:
“In one study, experienced partners with high EI in a multinational firm delivered $1.2 million more profit from their accounts — 139% — over their cohorts” (Bard, 2009, pg. 1).
Paraphrases will just use the author-date format and do not need a page number. For example:
Companies that hire employees with a higher EI tend to see a higher increase in profits over their counterparts (Bard, 2009).
As always, there should be a corresponding reference for each in-text citation. References should be listed on the very last page of your essay, which is called the reference page. If you have any questions regarding in-text citations, please feel free to reply to this thread. I will be more than happy to address them!
SO:
I would like you to evaluate the following text. The first one is the original source and the one after that is a paraphrase. Please evaluate the paraphrase. Would you consider it to be an appropriate paraphrase and why?(Counts towards participation)
Original Text:
A key factor in explaining the sad state of American education can be found in over bureaucratization, which is seen in the compulsion to consolidate our public schools into massive factories and to increase to mammoth size our universities even in under populated states. The problem with bureaucracies is that they have to work hard and long to keep from substituting self-serving survival and growth for their original primary objective. Few succeed. Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory, and no conscience. If there is a single stumbling block on the road to the future, it is the bureaucracy as we know it.
Edward T. Hall, Beyond Culture, Anchor Publishing, 1977, p. 219
Paraphrase:
American education is overly bureaucratic. This is manifest in the increasing size of educational institutions, even in small states. Bureaucracies are bad because they tend to work to promote their own survival and growth rather than that of the institution, as was their initial objective. Most bureaucracies fail because they have a conscience or a soul. I believe that bureaucracies are the biggest stumbling block on the road to the educational future (Hall, 1977).
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