What type of “thinking” did Tolman study in rats, and why?

The rats’ knowledge of the dangers

of their surroundings, because this is crucial for survival of the species

The rats’ knowledge of an unnatural setting, such as a laboratory, because this was how animal behavior was usually studied at that time

The rats’ ability to form a mental map of their environment, because other species were known to demonstrate similar abilities

The rats’ ability to remember how to run through a maze and find food at the end, because this had already been demonstrated in rats previously

 


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