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Thermodynamics Fall 2020 Final ProjectDue November 30th at 11:59pm – Late assignments are NOT acceptedPurpose: The purpose of this project is to familiarize yourself with the real-life ramifications of thethermodynamic principles taught in this class. This project requires the manipulation of HOT water,exposure to steam, and other hot surfaces. Caution is STRONGLY advised and I am not liable for anyinjuries that result. If you are uncomfortable with the physical requirements of this project, pleasecontact me and you will receive an extended problem set and research project instead.Tools and supplies: You will need to borrow, purchase, or gain access (borrow from a friend) to:• A digital food/kitchen thermometer with at least 1 decimal point of accuracy (see below)• A microwave• A microwave-safe glass container and a piece of FLAT Styrofoam to put over the top• A liquid measuring device (measuring cups, scale, etc.)• A timer, stopwatch, or use a timer app on a smartphone• A plastic spoon (disposable is fine)• A small towel, a kitchen/oven mitt, or something that protects you from hot objects• A ruler that can measure mm or 1/16th of an inch• Water (nothing special, just the wet n’ splashy stuff that comes out of the tap)Notes in general: Almost everything above can be found at the Dollar Store and/or Save-a-lot. Thisproject should not cost more than a few dollars. If you didn’t have a thermometer, can’t borrow one,or split the cost with someone, you’ll have one for cooking! You can do this project in SI or English units.Note that if you do the calculations in English units, you can report final answers in BTU/hr instead ofkJ/hr where applicable. You will have to use the appropriate tables and convert Watts to BTU/s.Details about thermometer – It doesn’t not have to be something too special, just a basic XXX.X°C or Freadout such as these seen below. What you may not want to do is use a analog or BBQ thermometerwhich is made for very high temperatures. You also do not want to use a medical type thermometer asthose are only calibrated to be accurate near human body temperature.
Part 1 – Experiment Steps (read through first and then do the experiment):
Allow the thermometer, glass container, and around 4 cups of water to come to room temp forat least 20 minutes (just leave everything out, we don’t want cold water from the fridge).
Use the thermometer to record the initial air temperature and water temperature (allow severalseconds during each measurement to ensure that a stable reading is achieved).
Note down the brand of thermometer that you used. Include the model if you have it or canread it from the back of the unit.
Open the microwave door and look on the edge, side, back, or interior for a model numbera. If you can find it, do a quick web search and determine the Wattage of the microwaveb. If you cannot find it, assume it is 750Watts if it’s a compact model and 1200 Watts if it’sa large or built-in modelc. In either case, record, at least, the Manufacturer/Brand of the machine and a quickdescription of it’s size in addition to the model (if found) and the wattage.
In the clear glass microwave-safe container, add exactly 2 cups of room temperature water (leftout earlier) and place in the microwave.a. Set the microwave for 2 minutes and IMMEDIATELY after the machine beeps that it isfinished, take your Plastic spoon and without holding the container, open the door, stirbriefly, and measure the temperature.b. When using the thermometer, record the value only once it settles. Ensure the probetip of the thermometer is in the water and not touching the walls of the containerc. Note down any observations like bubbles or steam
Quickly close the door and microwave for 1 more minute and repeat the process of thenimmediately opening the door, stirring with the plastic spoon, and recording the temperatureand observations. (*NOTE!! – be EXTREMELY careful when using microwaves to heat liquids.There is a phenomenon known as superheated water where the water exceeds the boiling pointbut does not actual begin boiling until an external object touches the surface. At that point, itexplodes outward sending scalding hot water all over you. You have been warned!)Superheated Water Mythbusters (~2mins): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_OXM4mr_i0
Repeat step 6 until you observe VERY strong boiling and stop the microwave if water begins tospill out. If you do have to stop the microwave, record the time left and use this to determinethe total time the water was heated.
Use the time that you calculated above in units of SECONDS and the Wattage of the microwaveto determine the total energy in units of JOULES added to the water. Then calculate theKILOJOULES of energy added.
Convert the volume of 2 cups of water into a MASS in units of KILOGRAMS of water.
Use the H2O SI Saturated Tables in your book to determine the ΔU of the water. Remember,that this is basically m(μ2 – μ1) . Since the water is not really boiling anymore even though it ishot, is it now a subcooled liquid? What is the pressure around the water? How could you findout? Does the mass change? Did you lose a lot of water when it boiled over?
Compare the kJ of energy calculated in step 10 to the kJ of energy put into the water calculatedin step 8. Is one more than the other? By how much? Why is there a difference? Are there anylosses? Is this a well-insulated system?Part 2 – Experiment Steps (can take place right after the previous experiment with the same water):
Ensure that you still have 2 cups of water in your glass container
Either from the experiment Part 1 or by heating a new batch, raise the 2 cups of water up toa temp of at LEAST 200°F or 94°C.
Carefully and with a towel or thick glove, relocate the glass container from the microwaveand place on a safe surface such as a wood cutting board, countertop, or other area whichwill not be damaged by the heat. Place the small piece of flat Styrofoam over the top of theglass container to reduce heat transfer out the top.
Using your plastic spoon, once every 60 seconds, briefly uncover the Styrofoam, stir, andrecord the temperature with your thermometer. It’s best to leave a running timer on yourphone for this and just check if for a total of 20 + (last digit of your U#) minutes. Example, ifyour USF ID# is U12345678, you would do this for 28 minutes. It’s also best to leave thethermometer in the water. You can poke it through the Styrofoam to keep it stable, justensure the probe tip is in the water and not touching the walls of the container.
Open your favorite plotting software (Excel is best, but Google Sheets or any other graphingcapable software will do). Enter all the temperatures in a column and plot in a line graph.
What was the final Temperature? How much heat in kJ was lost as the water cooled?(Remember, you must use the table to correlate the temperature to an internal energy.Even though the system is not really closed, we can think of it as so due to the fact thatnothing is flowing and the mass is staying relatively constant.) What is the rate of heattransfer in kJ/hr? Is the heat flowing in or out of the system? What is the sign of the heattransfer that you expect?
Now you will calculate the thermal insulating properties of the glass. This topic was nevercovered in class, but it’s quite simple to do:∆𝑄
∆𝑡
𝑘𝑑× 𝐴 × ∆𝑇 Is the equation that governs heat loss. Where• Q/t (or accurately ΔQ/Δt), is the total heat loss (calculated in the above step in unitsof kJ/hr *Be careful with the conversion from seconds to hours),• k/d is the thermal conductivity divided by the thickness of the glass and has units ofkJ/hr·°C·m• A is the area of the heat loss, and• T or delta T is the change in temp from start to finish.
Using your ruler, look at the level that the water reached and make a mark on the glasscontainer at this level. Carefully pour out the hot water and allow the container to cool.Use the ruler to roughly estimate the area of the glass that water was in contact with.
Use the ruler to roughly estimate the thickness of the glass container.
Convert the two values above into units of m2 and m, respectively. (watch area conversions)
Calculate the thermal conductivity of glass. (Note that it will often be expressed in W/m·K,and remember that a W is J/s. Note we calculated kJ/hr, not J/s. Also note, the size of adegree °C is the same as a K so you don’t have to convert anything there.)
Look up the real value of the thermal conductivity of glass. Is your number your calculatedin step 11 close? What do you think accounted for the differences or losses?Experiments are done, now what?Write the above findings up in a nice report. Answer ALL the questions asked above and perform andreport all the calculations. Describe what you thought and what you learned. Be sure to throw in somecell phone pictures of the setup you ended up with. There is no minimum or maximum length for thisreport. Why? In life, in industry, there is often little guidance as to exactly “what the boss wants.” Youneed to use your intuition to figure it out. Do remember that I’m busy and why while I love details, Idon’t like too much unnecessary explanation. Telling me about what your cat ate for breakfast themorning you did this experiment is probably not going to impress me. Also unimpressive are massiveerrors in calculation, poor writing, or leaving out important questions or information. The informationshould be easy to read… not just written into a large paragraph but clearly in tables or arranged neatly.There should ideally be sections in your report. You figure out the rest… Upload the results by the duedate listed all the way at the top and you’re good to go. Have fun, be safe, and learn something!Rev 2020.10.28b
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