A strong accounting essay or financial statement analysis paper moves from a precisely framed accounting question through the governing standard under United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or International Financial Reporting Standards, the structured application of the standard to the facts of a transaction or a set of financial statements, and a reasoned conclusion in the accounting memorandum format that many upper division and graduate accounting instructors require, all in APA or Chicago citation depending on the program convention. This hub gathers our accounting essay examples, financial accounting homework sets with full journal entries and worked trial balances, managerial accounting case studies with cost volume profit and variance analyses, cost accounting problems across job order process and activity based costing, tax accounting essays on individual corporate partnership and estate tax, auditing case studies under the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and American Institute of Certified Public Accountants standards, forensic accounting fraud examination reports, and Master of Accounting and Master of Professional Accounting capstone papers across the United States Canada the United Kingdom Australia and the major common law jurisdictions. This guide on accounting homework help walks through the rules, examples, and decisions that come up in real student work.
How accounting and business students use this hub
Undergraduate accounting majors follow a core sequence that tracks the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accreditation expectations with introductory financial accounting, introductory managerial accounting, intermediate financial accounting one and two, advanced financial accounting, cost accounting, federal income taxation, auditing and assurance services, and accounting information systems. Many programs add a Master of Accounting or Master of Professional Accounting fifth year that satisfies the one hundred fifty semester hour education requirement for Certified Public Accountant licensure in every jurisdiction of the United States. Graduate accounting students pursue a Master of Accounting a Master of Professional Accounting a Master of Science in Accounting a Master of Taxation or a Doctor of Philosophy in accounting with a concentration in financial accounting managerial accounting tax or audit research. Business students outside the accounting major take the two introductory accounting courses as part of the Bachelor of Business Administration Master of Business Administration or Executive Master of Business Administration core.
Our accounting resources are organized around this curriculum with worked journal entries across the financial accounting cycle, worked trial balance and adjusting entry sets for the canonical textbook problems, cost accounting problem sets with full solution memoranda, managerial accounting case studies on cost volume profit analysis flexible budgeting variance analysis and relevant costing decisions, federal income tax research memoranda on the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations, auditing case studies with risk assessment and substantive testing walkthroughs, and forensic accounting fraud examination reports with the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners fraud tree framework. Candidates preparing for the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination the Certified Management Accountant examination the Certified Fraud Examiner examination and the Enrolled Agent examination reach for our practice question packs organized by the examination specifications.
Writers on the accounting desk hold at least a Master of Accounting Master of Professional Accounting or Master of Taxation with thirty eight percent carrying a Certified Public Accountant license from a jurisdiction of the United States and twelve percent holding an additional Certified Management Accountant or Certified Fraud Examiner credential. For short turnaround homework sets journal entry practice and cost accounting problems we recommend the homework help desk tutoring resources. For Master of Accounting capstones Master of Taxation research papers and doctoral accounting dissertations we recommend the dissertation writing service coursework support.
Financial accounting, US GAAP and IFRS
Financial accounting content on this hub covers the accounting cycle from journalizing through posting trial balance preparation adjusting entries closing entries and the preparation of the four required financial statements. Worked essays on our shelf cover the balance sheet with the classified presentation of current assets property plant and equipment intangible assets current liabilities long term liabilities and stockholders equity, the income statement in the single step and multi step formats with attention to the presentation of discontinued operations and the reporting of earnings per share, the statement of cash flows in the direct and indirect methods with reconciliation of net income to cash from operating activities and the classification of investing and financing activities, and the statement of stockholders equity with the presentation of common stock preferred stock additional paid in capital retained earnings treasury stock and accumulated other comprehensive income.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification is the authoritative source for United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and the hub indexes worked essays by codification topic. Topic eight hundred five on business combinations with the acquisition method and the recognition of goodwill and the non controlling interest is covered with worked pushdown accounting examples. Topic eight hundred forty two on leases with the classification of operating and finance leases under the right of use asset and lease liability framework introduced in Accounting Standards Update 2016 02 is covered with worked lessee and lessor accounting examples. Topic six hundred six on revenue from contracts with customers with the five step model of identifying the contract identifying the performance obligations determining the transaction price allocating the transaction price and recognizing revenue is covered with worked essays across the principal versus agent analysis the variable consideration analysis and the contract modification analysis. Topic three hundred twenty six on credit losses with the current expected credit loss model introduced in Accounting Standards Update 2016 13 is covered with worked allowance for loan losses examples for financial institutions.
International Financial Reporting Standards essays on this hub cover the International Accounting Standards Board standards with attention to the differences from United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles that appear on the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and in practice. International Financial Reporting Standard fifteen on revenue is largely converged with Topic six hundred six. International Financial Reporting Standard sixteen on leases converged the lessee accounting to the right of use model while the lessor accounting remained unchanged. International Financial Reporting Standard nine on financial instruments uses the expected credit loss model that informed the design of Topic three hundred twenty six. International Accounting Standard two on inventory prohibits the last in first out method permitted under United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. International Accounting Standard thirty eight on intangible assets permits the revaluation model under limited circumstances. International Accounting Standard thirty six on impairment of assets uses a one step recoverable amount test while Accounting Standards Codification Topic three hundred sixty uses a two step test for long lived assets held and used.
Managerial accounting, cost volume profit and decision analysis
Managerial accounting content on this hub covers the framework that internal managers use for planning control and decision making with worked essays on each of the core topics. Cost behavior content covers the classification of variable fixed mixed and step costs the high low method and the least squares regression method for cost estimation and the application of cost behavior to short run decision making. Cost volume profit analysis content covers the contribution margin format income statement the break even point in units and in dollars the target profit analysis the margin of safety and the degree of operating leverage with worked case studies across manufacturing merchandising and service organizations. Multi product cost volume profit analysis content covers the sales mix analysis and the weighted average contribution margin.
Budgeting content on this hub covers the master budget with the sales budget production budget direct materials budget direct labor budget manufacturing overhead budget selling and administrative expense budget cash budget and budgeted financial statements. Flexible budgeting content covers the construction of the flexible budget at the actual activity level and the variance analysis that compares the actual results to the flexible budget and the flexible budget to the static budget. Standard costing content covers the direct materials price and quantity variances the direct labor rate and efficiency variances the variable manufacturing overhead spending and efficiency variances and the fixed manufacturing overhead budget and volume variances with worked case studies across the manufacturing plant settings that appear on the Certified Management Accountant examination. Relevant costing content covers the make or buy decision the special order decision the keep or drop decision the sell or process further decision and the constrained resource allocation decision with worked essays on each decision context.
Responsibility accounting content on this hub covers the cost center profit center and investment center classifications the return on investment residual income and economic value added performance metrics the balanced scorecard framework from Kaplan and Norton with the financial customer internal business process and learning and growth perspectives and the transfer pricing methods including the market based the cost based and the negotiated approaches with attention to the international tax transfer pricing implications. Worked case studies cover the decentralization benefits and costs the goal congruence question and the role of the controller in the contemporary corporation.
Cost accounting, product costing and process costing
Cost accounting content on this hub covers the product costing systems used by manufacturing organizations and the cost allocation frameworks used across industries. Job order costing content covers the job cost sheet the materials requisition form the labor time ticket the predetermined manufacturing overhead rate the under applied and over applied manufacturing overhead adjustment and the journal entries across the work in process finished goods and cost of goods sold accounts. Process costing content covers the equivalent units of production calculation under the weighted average method and the first in first out method the production cost report with the schedule of equivalent units the cost per equivalent unit and the assignment of costs to units transferred out and units in ending work in process and the treatment of spoilage and rework.
Activity based costing content on this hub covers the two stage allocation from resources to activities to cost objects the identification of the activity cost pools and the activity cost drivers and the comparison with the traditional single driver overhead allocation with worked case studies that illustrate the product cost cross subsidization that activity based costing is designed to reveal. The time driven activity based costing refinement from Kaplan and Anderson is covered with worked examples. Activity based management content covers the use of the activity based costing data for process improvement through the identification of non value adding activities and the application of the continuous improvement frameworks. Target costing content covers the target price minus target profit equals target cost framework from the Japanese management accounting tradition with worked case studies on automotive and consumer electronics product development. Life cycle costing content covers the accumulation of costs from research and development through disposal with attention to the environmental and sustainability cost dimensions.
Tax accounting, federal income tax and international tax
Tax accounting content on this hub covers federal income taxation of individuals corporations partnerships limited liability companies estates and trusts under the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations with attention to the doctrinal positions announced in the revenue rulings the private letter rulings the Chief Counsel advice and the judicial decisions of the United States Tax Court the federal district courts the federal circuit courts of appeal and the United States Supreme Court. Individual taxation content covers the gross income analysis with the statutory inclusions and exclusions, the above the line and below the line deduction structure, the qualified business income deduction under Section 199A introduced by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the itemized deduction analysis with the state and local tax deduction cap, the alternative minimum tax calculation, the taxation of capital gains and qualified dividends, and the taxation of retirement distributions including the required minimum distribution rules.
Corporate taxation content on this hub covers the Subchapter C framework with the corporate formation under Section 351, the operation with the dividends received deduction and the net operating loss carryforward rules, the liquidation under Section 331, the non liquidating distribution under Section 301, the corporate reorganization under Section 368 with the Type A statutory merger Type B stock for stock Type C stock for assets and Type D divisive reorganization forms, and the consolidated return regulations. Partnership taxation content covers the Subchapter K framework with the partnership formation under Section 721 the distributive share allocation under Section 704 the basis adjustment rules under Section 754 the disguised sale rules under Section 707 and the special allocation rules. The Subchapter S corporation framework covers the eligibility requirements the single class of stock rule the termination rules and the built in gains tax. International taxation content covers the residence and source rules the foreign tax credit under Section 901 the Subpart F controlled foreign corporation rules the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income rules introduced by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act the Base Erosion and Anti Abuse Tax and the transfer pricing rules under Section 482.
Auditing, assurance services and internal control
Auditing content on this hub covers the financial statement audit under the auditing standards of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Statements on Auditing Standards for the audit of non issuers and under the auditing standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board for the audit of issuers. The risk based audit framework covers the understanding of the entity and its environment, the identification and assessment of the risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level and the assertion level, the design of the audit response with the tests of controls and the substantive procedures, and the evaluation of the audit evidence and the formation of the audit opinion. Internal control content covers the five components of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission Internal Control Integrated Framework with the control environment the risk assessment the control activities the information and communication and the monitoring activities, with worked case studies on the documentation and the testing of internal control over financial reporting under Sarbanes Oxley Section 404.
Audit report content on this hub covers the unmodified opinion the qualified opinion the adverse opinion and the disclaimer of opinion with the emphasis of matter and other matter paragraph conventions introduced in Statement on Auditing Standards One Hundred Thirty Four and the critical audit matters communication introduced in Auditing Standard Three Thousand One Hundred One from the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Attestation and assurance engagement content covers the examination review and agreed upon procedures engagement forms under the Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements. Compliance engagement content covers the Yellow Book audit under the Government Auditing Standards from the Government Accountability Office and the Single Audit under the Office of Management and Budget Uniform Guidance for federal grant recipients. International Standards on Auditing essays cover the standards of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board with attention to the differences from the United States auditing standards that appear on the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and in cross border audit engagements.
Forensic accounting, fraud examination and litigation support
Forensic accounting content on this hub covers the fraud examination framework from the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners with the fraud tree taxonomy of asset misappropriation corruption and financial statement fraud schemes. Asset misappropriation schemes covered in worked case studies include the skimming the larceny the billing and payroll fraud the check tampering the expense reimbursement fraud and the non cash asset theft schemes. Corruption schemes covered include the bribery the illegal gratuity the conflict of interest and the economic extortion schemes with attention to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act compliance framework. Financial statement fraud schemes covered include the fictitious revenue the timing difference the concealed liability and expense the improper disclosure and the improper asset valuation schemes with worked case studies on Enron WorldCom HealthSouth and the more recent accounting fraud cases.
Fraud detection content on this hub covers the red flag analysis the Benford Law digital analysis the horizontal and vertical financial statement analysis and the ratio analysis techniques used by forensic accountants to identify anomalies that warrant deeper investigation. Fraud investigation content covers the interviewing technique under the fraud examiner methodology the document examination the link analysis the data mining and the computer forensics dimensions of the contemporary investigation. Litigation support content covers the expert witness role the damages calculation under the lost profits the lost business value and the reasonable royalty frameworks and the business valuation engagement under the income the market and the asset based approaches with attention to the discount for lack of marketability and the discount for lack of control analyses. Bankruptcy forensic content covers the fraudulent conveyance analysis the preference analysis and the solvency analysis under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act and the Bankruptcy Code.
Financial statement analysis, ratio analysis and valuation
Financial statement analysis content on this hub covers the horizontal analysis with the trend percentage calculation, the vertical analysis with the common size financial statement preparation, and the ratio analysis with the liquidity profitability efficiency and solvency ratio categories. Liquidity ratios covered include the current ratio the quick ratio and the cash ratio. Profitability ratios covered include the gross profit margin the operating profit margin the net profit margin the return on assets the return on equity and the DuPont three factor and five factor decompositions. Efficiency ratios covered include the accounts receivable turnover the inventory turnover the accounts payable turnover and the asset turnover. Solvency ratios covered include the debt to equity the debt to assets the times interest earned and the fixed charge coverage ratios.
Valuation content on this hub covers the discounted cash flow valuation with the free cash flow to firm and the free cash flow to equity formulations, the weighted average cost of capital calculation, the terminal value estimation under the Gordon growth model and the exit multiple approach, and the sensitivity analysis across the key assumptions. Relative valuation content covers the price to earnings price to book price to sales and enterprise value to earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortization multiples with attention to the peer group selection and the multiple choice justification. Contingent claim valuation content covers the Black Scholes option pricing model with worked examples on executive stock options and real options in capital budgeting. Credit analysis content covers the Altman Z score the financial strength ratings from the major rating agencies and the bond yield spread analysis with worked case studies on distressed debt investing and turnaround analysis.
Accounting information systems, enterprise resource planning and data analytics
Accounting information systems content on this hub covers the design documentation and evaluation of the systems that process accounting transactions under the internal control framework. Systems documentation content covers the data flow diagram the flowchart the entity relationship diagram and the business process model and notation diagram with worked examples across the revenue expenditure conversion and financing cycles. Database design content covers the relational database model with the primary key foreign key referential integrity and normalization concepts through the third normal form with worked schemas for the sales revenue cycle and the purchases expenditure cycle. Enterprise resource planning content covers the integrated systems used in contemporary practice including SAP Oracle E Business Suite Oracle NetSuite Microsoft Dynamics and Workday with attention to the general ledger accounts payable accounts receivable inventory and payroll modules.
Data analytics in accounting content on this hub covers the descriptive predictive and prescriptive analytics framework applied to accounting and auditing data with worked case studies on the continuous auditing the journal entry testing the revenue analysis and the accounts payable duplicate payment detection. Visualization content covers the design of dashboards and reports in Tableau Power BI and Excel with attention to the audience appropriate visualization selection and the narrative construction. Robotic process automation content covers the application of software bots to the routine accounting tasks of bank reconciliation invoice processing and journal entry posting with worked case studies on the efficiency gains and the control implications. Blockchain and distributed ledger content covers the potential application to auditing with attention to the triple entry accounting proposal and the smart contract enabled continuous auditing research agenda.
Certified Public Accountant, Certified Management Accountant and other exam preparation
Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination preparation content on this hub covers the three core sections of Auditing and Attestation Financial Accounting and Reporting and Taxation and Regulation and the three discipline section options of Business Analysis and Reporting Information Systems and Controls and Tax Compliance and Planning under the Certified Public Accountant Evolution blueprint that took effect in 2024. Practice question content covers the multiple choice questions the task based simulations and the written communication tasks under the examination specifications with worked solutions that trace each answer to the governing standard in the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification the Internal Revenue Code or the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Code of Professional Conduct.
Certified Management Accountant Examination preparation content on this hub covers the two parts of Financial Planning Performance and Analytics and Strategic Financial Management under the Institute of Management Accountants examination specifications with practice questions across the external financial reporting decisions the planning budgeting and forecasting the performance management the cost management the internal controls and the technology and analytics topics in Part One and the financial statement analysis the corporate finance the decision analysis the risk management the investment decisions and the professional ethics topics in Part Two. Certified Fraud Examiner Examination preparation content covers the four sections of Financial Transactions and Fraud Schemes Law Investigation and Fraud Prevention and Deterrence under the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners examination specifications. Enrolled Agent Examination preparation content covers the three parts of Individuals Businesses and Representation Practices and Procedures under the Internal Revenue Service Special Enrollment Examination specifications.
Capstone papers, Master of Accounting theses and doctoral research
The Master of Accounting capstone paper the Master of Professional Accounting research paper the Master of Taxation research memorandum and the Doctor of Philosophy in accounting dissertation are the dominant credit eligible deliverables for upper division and graduate accounting students. Our deliverables include a complete proposal with the research or practice question the theoretical framework the method and the planned analysis, a literature review chapter grounded in the accounting research literature in the Journal of Accounting Research the Accounting Review the Journal of Accounting and Economics the Contemporary Accounting Research and the top tax policy and audit journals, a methods chapter with full justification of the sampling instrument and analytical approach, a results chapter presenting the findings in the conventions of accounting research, a discussion chapter that interprets the findings and names the limitations and practice implications, and a references list in APA or Chicago format depending on the program convention.
Common credit eligible deliverables include a complete Master of Accounting capstone paper of twenty five to fifty pages, a Master of Taxation research memorandum of fifteen to thirty pages on a specific Internal Revenue Code section or Treasury Regulation, a Doctor of Philosophy in accounting dissertation of one hundred twenty to two hundred fifty pages, a financial statement analysis paper of fifteen to thirty pages on a specific public company, an audit case study of twenty to forty pages with full risk assessment and substantive testing walkthroughs, and a forensic accounting fraud examination report of thirty to sixty pages with the investigation methodology and the findings of fact.
How we choose writers and reviewers
Accounting writers on this hub hold at least a Master of Accounting Master of Professional Accounting or Master of Taxation with thirty eight percent carrying a Certified Public Accountant license from a jurisdiction of the United States and twelve percent holding an additional Certified Management Accountant or Certified Fraud Examiner credential. Roughly one in four have public accounting firm experience at a Big Four or large national firm in audit tax or advisory practice in the last five years. Reviewers hold a doctorate with peer reviewed publications in a journal indexed by the Social Science Research Network including the Accounting Review the Journal of Accounting Research the Journal of Accounting and Economics Contemporary Accounting Research or a top subject matter journal in audit research tax policy or management accounting. Every deliverable is audited twice. The first audit verifies technical accuracy of the cited accounting standards tax code provisions and auditing standards and faithful engagement with the authoritative literature. The second audit verifies APA or Chicago citation conformity, citation accuracy against the cited sources, and the absence of factual errors about accounting standard effective dates tax provision numerical parameters or auditing standard numbering conventions.
Our author for this hub is Dr. Clara Bennett, PhD Behavioral and Social Sciences, Social Sciences and Business Editorial Lead, with direct teaching experience in organizational behavior research methods and management accounting and cross domain coverage in business marketing finance and education. Our reviewer is Dr. Naomi Alvarez, PhD Applied Mathematics and Data Science, STEM Editorial Lead, with direct experience reviewing quantitative accounting research analytical tax models financial econometrics and data analytics methodology for computational fidelity. Every section of this hub has been verified against the current Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification, the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations in effect as of the 2026 filing season, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Statements on Auditing Standards through Statement One Hundred Forty Nine and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditing Standards through the most recent release, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Fraud Examiners Manual, the Institute of Management Accountants Certified Management Accountant Learning Outcome Statements, and the most recent editions of the canonical textbooks in intermediate financial accounting advanced financial accounting cost accounting federal income taxation and auditing as of April 2026.
Reviews and ratings
- "The intermediate financial accounting problem set on lease accounting under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842 walked through the lessee journal entries for an operating lease and a finance lease with the right of use asset and lease liability amortization schedules matching the textbook numbers to the cent. My intermediate professor used my write up as the model solution." Third year accounting student. Rating 5 out of 5.
- "The cost accounting case study on activity based costing for a two product manufacturing plant correctly identified the product cost cross subsidization from the traditional single driver allocation, traced the cost flows through the activity cost pools, and the recommendation to redesign the overhead allocation was supported by the worked numerical comparison. My cost accounting professor said the case write up was publication quality." Senior accounting major. Rating 5 out of 5.
- "The federal income tax research memorandum on the qualified business income deduction under Section 199A for a specified service trade or business applied the statutory phase in and phase out ranges correctly, cited the Treasury Regulations on the aggregation election, and the recommendation matched the client letter my tax professor drafted for the same fact pattern." Master of Taxation student. Rating 5 out of 5.
- "The audit case study on the risk assessment and substantive testing of accounts receivable for a mid sized manufacturing client used the correct risk based audit framework from Statement on Auditing Standards One Hundred Forty Five, designed a confirmation procedure with the appropriate positive and negative confirmations, and the audit documentation would have passed the firm engagement quality review." Master of Accounting student in audit track. Rating 5 out of 5.
- "The forensic accounting fraud examination report on a hypothetical billing scheme at a municipal government client applied the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners fraud tree taxonomy correctly, used the Benford Law digital analysis on the vendor payment file, and the findings of fact section supported the conclusion that a scheme existed. My fraud examination professor said my report was at the professional standard the firms expect." Graduate student in forensic accounting. Rating 4 out of 5.
References and further reading
- Financial Accounting Standards Board. Accounting Standards Codification. Financial Accounting Standards Board.
- International Accounting Standards Board. International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS Foundation.
- Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended, United States Code Title 26. Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives.
- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. AICPA Professional Standards. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
- Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. PCAOB Auditing Standards. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
- Kieso DE Weygandt JJ and Warfield TD. Intermediate Accounting. Eighteenth edition. Wiley.
- Horngren CT Datar SM and Rajan MV. Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis. Seventeenth edition. Pearson.
- Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. Fraud Examiners Manual. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners.
- Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Internal Control Integrated Framework. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
- American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Seventh edition. American Psychological Association.
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