Answer the following questions. One paragraph for each

Answer the following questions. One paragraph for each. And some of the references are listed below.

 

Questions:

1. The main goals of parking fines are: increasing city budgets, encouraging turnover, promoting public safety, improving access for certain groups and helping to clean streets. What evidence can you find that parking fines are effective at reaching these goals?
2. Don Shoup argues that graduated parking fines are necessary in order to deter the most frequent offenders. Based on the evidence, do you think that targeting repeat offenders would improve the effectiveness of parking fines?
3. Are graduated parking fines an efficient policy, i.e. how do the benefits compare to the costs?
4. How could you reform parking fines to make them more equitable without sacrificing efficiency?

 

Goals of parking fines:

Generate city revenue

Encourage turnover: Reducing searching time, reduce traffic and pollution

Promote public safety

Increase Access for people with disabilities, delivery people, emergency vehicles

Help clean streets

 

https://www.carrentals.com/blog/parking-tickets-cost-americans/

1. Survey of 6000 drivers and city records in 16 major US cities.
2. Tickets generate $1.4 billion in revenue.
3. Street sweeping and expired meters account for 65% of city-reported violations
4. Cities differ in how they spend revenues. Most cities spend use funds to pay for a broad range of municipal services. Some cities pay third-party operators to manage parking enforcement and are in debt to those providers. 5. Drivers indicate that they would like funds to be spent on education (40%) or homeless aid (30%).

 

Donald Shoup, “Parking Fine Fairness”, LATimes, Published Oct 27, 2010

1. Repeat offenders account for large share of all violations. Evidence from various cities suggests that 5-10% of violators account for 20 to 30% of tickets.
2. He recommends graduated parking fines; fines increase with each ticket. “In Claremont, Calif., for example, the first ticket for overtime parking in a calendar year is $35, the second $70 and the third $105.” They require cities to invest in data systems to track ticket violations.
3. He argues that for most people, fines as they are deter violations, but for a few, ticket prices have to be higher to be an effective deterrent.

 

Fisman, Raymond, and Edward Miguel. ”Corruption, norms, and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets.” Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 6 (2007). 1020-1048.

1. Data on unpaid parking fines of United Nations diplomats in NYC. NYC officials are unable to enforce parking violations of diplomats through removing driving privileges or incarceration.
2. They find that “diplomats from high-corruption countries (on the basis of existing survey-based indices) accumulated significantly more unpaid parking violations.”
3. To curb abuse, NYC gave enforcement the right to revoke diplomatic driving privileges, and violations sharply decreased.
4. They conclude that cultural norms plus legal enforcement impact an individuals likelihood to violate parking laws.

 

Jim Dwyer (recently passed away), “Scammed, and Owing $132,038 for Parking Tickets.” NYTimes, Published May 9, 2017

1. “A ticket a day for each vehicle that is doing work in the city,” Mr. De Lellis said. “I don’t care. It’s part of doing work in New York City, and my clients understand that as well.”

 

“Cities Target Low-Income, People of Color With Fines and Fees, Humphrey School Researcher Says”, Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs News Archive, Published on March 14, 2017.

1. Based on research by Joe Soss and Joshua Page at the University of Minnesota.
2. Most cities have late fines for unpaid tickets to encourage payment.
3. Individuals who fail to pay the initial ticket on time can see their fine double or triple. Some may be asked to go to court.
4. Failure to appear in court may result in jail time.
5. Fines in general increased as local budgets decreased in the 2008 recession as cities looked to increase revenue. There is evidence that younger adults and minority communities are disproportionately impacted.

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