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1. check the file “introduction” 2. watch the file “reading” 3. finish the file “assignment” 4. use the file “reference” as reference if needed in short, there are 8 pages of writing assignment, ur job is to watch the vedio, then doing the homework. chat with me if u complete understand this assignment so that i can assign you this order.  ignore all the auto biding message, must chat with me to take over the order. always add bonus for A paper

Anthro 140 – Biological Anthro, Segment #4 examines how evidence from the fossil record and the new perspectives provided by the evolutionary development “revolution” have been combined and integrated to develop more informed explanations of various great transformations in the history of life. This segment (Course Segment #4) we will consider the deep time evolutionary development of modern birds of prey, dolphins, whales, and horses. The final course segment examines the evolutionary development of the Order Primates, with an emphasis on the evolution of the Hominini  and the practical application of that knowledge in our day-to-day lives.

Read and take notes on the following texts:
Explorations: An Open Invitation…” Ch. 7 – Understanding the Fossil Context     Link:  https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/explorationsbioanth/chapter/__unknown__-7/ (Links to an external site.)  

“Endless Forms: The New Science of Evo-Devo” by Sean Carroll  The entire book is very good but you can just read the highlights in the Introduction, Ch. 1 – 5, 10 & 11. To view or download a PDF of the entire book, click this link: Endless Forms Most Beautiful S. Carroll.pdf

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Read and take notes on the following articles or handouts:
“The Whale and the Virus” by Zimmer and Emlen (to view or download a PDF of the article, click on this link:  The Whale and the Virus.pdf

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Handout “HO Birds Dolphins Whales Horses” (to view or download a PDF of this handout, click on this link: HO Evo of Birds, Dolphins, Whales, Horses Fa 20.docx

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Watch and take notes on the following Doc Talk Zoom lectures.
A140/141L Doc Talk #3 – “Explaining the Great Transformations”

URL/link   https://4cd.zoom.us/rec/share/oynCfeiFgX7FBCmCqsNWTckNGqwVai0ROY_sesOIZPC104Arpomux0xYaSvZz56V.Z2j6whGZFc-Q0alU?startTime=1593645675000 (Links to an external site.)

Doc Talk #4 – “The Evolution of Whales”

Link: https://4cd.zoom.us/rec/share/Y6UEmTCDvZztqxrOQnD3NocXqDLxJsKwvQz_OaDxrTsAftuAWpnbvKf9VwNaLPCK.qf3jp3ByOp1b7blu?startTime=1594180635000 (Links to an external site.)

Watch/ review and take notes on the following videos:
JUST ADDED 10/22!  The “Amazing Evolution of Eyes (Nature documentary) HD”

Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuuan74brFM&t=121s (Links to an external site.)

“Evolution: The Great Transformations” on YouTube

YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBSoyVurL4Y (Links to an external site.) 

“The Dinosaur-Feather Mystery” available on YouTube

            Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnZ6X_5-X6E&t=392s (Links to an external site.)

“When Whales Walked: Journeys in Deep Time” This excellent video, which introduces many key concepts for this course, is available on Amazon Prime Video; Amazon Prime may charge you a few bucks  (in addition to needing to have a Prime account) but this video provides very good overviews of the evolution of crocodilians (from 0:00 to 31:00) , theropod dinosaurs/ birds (from 31:00 to 52:25), whales (from 52:25 to 1:13:32), proboscideans, and the recently named Anthropocene Epoch. Pay particular attention to the segments on the evolution of “birds” (from 31:00′ to 52:25′)  and of “whales” (from 52:25′ to 1:13:32′ of the video).

You should also view another, shorter video, also entitled “When Whales Walked” that focuses on whales.

            Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OSRKtT_9vw (Links to an external site.)

“The Dawn of the Mammals” from “Rise of Animals: The Triumph of the Vertebrates” S01, Ep02

/link   https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x70j1y7 (Links to an external site.)

“Evolution of the Horse: Horses for Courses, an Evolutionary Radiation”

            Linkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtX3ir4eWMM (Links to an external site.)

HANDOUT FOR THE EVOLUTION OF BIRDS (OF PREY), DOLPHINS, WHALES, AND HORSES    

Apparently, feathers developed in theropod dinosaurs for other purposes (insulation, ornamentation, incubation of eggs, etc.) but were re-purposed for flight

A Canada goose incubating her eggs (“nesting”) and a fossil oviraptor that

perished doing the same

The evolution of Whales

AETIOCETUS, A BASAL MYSTICETE FROM THE OLIGOCENE

BALEEN (MYSTICETE) WHALE SKELETON

BALEEN WHALE SKELETON WITH BALEEN PLATES

EQUUS (MODERN HORSE/ZEBRA) SKULL

SKELETON OF A MODERN EQUID (HORSE/ZEBRA)

A 140 – WRITING ASSIGNMENT #4  –  NAME                                                                                     Fa20

The Evolution of Modern Birds of Prey, Dolphins, Baleen Whales, and Horses?                                            

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN BIRDS OF PREY (HAWKS, EAGLES, FALCONS, OSPREY, OWLS, ETC.)  (page 1)

Illuminate (investigate, draw/diagram/print, label, and describe) what the fossil record shows regarding the ways that adaptations or adaptive complexes present in scale covered Paleozoic stem or “dawn” reptiles (sprawling limbed, terrestrial quadrupeds with eyes located on the sides of their heads) evolved to the adaptations or adaptive complexes, such as feathers, acute vision, wings, flight, upright hind limbs with talons, etc. that are present in modern birds of prey (hawks, eagles, falcons, osprey, owls, etc.)

Feathers covering most of the body; be sure to address each category  a) downy feathers for insulation b) contour/ surface feathers for protection, coloration, insulation, reduced drag during flight, etc. c) ornamental feathers for visual recognition and display, attracting mates, etc. d) aerodynamic wings and tails with asymmetric flight feathers

Forward facing, telescopic eyes backed with densely packed retinal receptors that allow raptors to spot prey from a long way off and that allow raptors to determine the precise location of prey so that they can grasp it with their talons.

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN BIRDS OF PREY (HAWKS, EAGLES, FALCONS, OSPREY, ETC.) (page 2)

How did the front legs and feet found in ancient reptiles evolve into the wings found in birds of prey? {air foil shape with a thick, rounded leading edge tapering to a thin trailing edge of overlapping, asymmetrical flight feathers}.

How did the hips, hind legs, and feet found in ancient stem reptiles evolve into the hips,  legs, and clawed, grasping organs (talons) found in birds of prey?

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS? (page 1)

Illuminate (investigate, draw/diagram/print, label, and describe) how the adaptations or adaptive complexes present in whale ancestors that lived 55 Ma (tiny, omnivorous,  terrestrial, unguligrade, quadrupeds with multiple hoofed digits on each foot) evolved into the adaptations or adaptive complexes present in modern BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS.

1. Adaptations for aquatic breathing, feeding and sound generation including the elongated rostrum, peg-like teeth, retracted nasal openings, and “telescoped” and “dished” cranial and facial bones to house fatty “melon”, dorsal blowhole with air passages, phonic lips to generate high frequency sound bursts.

2. Adaptations for aquatic hearing (involved in echolocation, communication, etc.) Be sure to explain how sound waves pass from the sound generating system into the water, are reflected off of objects and back through the water, through the mandibular “acoustic window” to the fat pad in hollow mandible, up to the auditory bullae with its involucrum, into the fluid in the cochlea to stimulate tiny hairs to send nerve signals up the auditory nerves to where the signals are sensed (“experienced”) in the dolphin’s brain.

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS? (page 2)                                                                                                                            

Illuminate (investigate, draw/diagram/print, label, and describe) how the adaptations or adaptive complexes present in whale ancestors that lived 55 Ma (tiny terrestrial, unguligrade, quadrupeds) evolved into the adaptations or adaptive complexes for aquatic locomotion {swimming} present in the modern BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN.

How did dolphin’s flippers evolve?

How did the vestigial pelvis and hind limbs, up and down motion of spine when swimming, musculature, flexion-extension motion, and the horizontally oriented tail flukes evolve.

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN BALEEN WHALES? (page 1)

Illuminate (investigate, illustrate {draw, diagram, print}, describe, and explain) what scientists have discovered regarding the evolution of the adaptations or adaptive complexes present in modern baleen whales.

1. cranial anatomy: the very large cranium with “telescoped” cranial and facial bones, as well as adaptations for aquatic breathing, sound generation (retracted nasal opening for blowhole, air passages, chambers, phonic lips, lungs, muscular diaphragm, etc.) to generate “mating songs”, infra-sound (ultra-low frequency sound, etc.)  

2. Adaptations for hearing underwater “mating songs”, infra-sound travels long distances through the water to other whales where the vibrations enter their skulls through various boney pathways, penetrates the auditory bullae with its involucrum, vibrates the fluid in the cochlea to stimulate tiny hairs to send nerve signals up the auditory nerves to the whale’s brain.

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN BALEEN WHALES? (page 2)

3. The mysticete baleen filter feeding system with the huge, curved jaws, pleated, distensible gullet supported by lower jaw, baleen curtains/sieves hanging from upper jaw bones, gigantic tongue, etc.

4. Adaptations for aquatic locomotion {swimming} present in a typical BALEEN WHALE (humpback whales and blue whales are both good examples).  Include the huge stream-lined cranium with telescoped facial and cranial bones, huge mandibular rami to support expandable gullet, aquadynamic body shape, huge flippers,

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN HORSES  (page 1)

Illuminate (investigate, draw/diagram/print, label, and describe) what the fossil record shows regarding the evolution of the following adaptations or adaptive complexes present in modern HORSES (genus Equus).

Visual system (eyes: pupil, lense, retina, tapetum lucidum, etc. ALSO: orbit placement, visual field, etc.)

Auditory (hearing) system (pinnae {external ears}, ear tube, ear drum, ear ossicles, inner ear {especially the cochlea and semi-circular canals}

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN HORSES  (page 2)

Illuminate (investigate, draw/diagram/print, label, and describe) what the fossil record shows regarding evolution of the following adaptations or adaptive complexes present in modern HORSES (genus Equus).

Food gathering (vibrissae, nostrils, lips, tongue, incisors, etc.) and masticatory (chewing) systems (tongue, jaws, jaw muscles, dentition, etc.)

Locomotor system (quadrupedal, monodactyl, unguligrade cursors)

Introduction:

This assignment asks you to provide illustrated summaries of what you have learned regarding the evolution of various adaptations or adaptive complexes characteristic of modern birds of prey, dolphins, baleen whales, and horses.  Use information from videos, handouts, articles, Doc Talks, texts, internet resources (Wikipedia, etc.) and any other credible sources to investigate each topic.  You are encouraged to be creative, artistic, imaginative, and informative as you demonstrate what you have learned about the subjects specified in each question.

To prepare for the writing assignment, start by completing all of the reading, which is in the file “reading.doc”
Then, complete each section of the file “assignment.doc”. text can be typed or hand written and illustrations can be diagrammed, hand drawn, or copied and pasted from the internet. All pages of the file “assignment.doc” should be completed
Check the file “reference.doc” which could help you for this assignment.

It is not necessary to cite references! Cutting and pasting of images is allowed but all text should be in your own words. Using text copied from any source (textbooks, handouts, the internet, etc.) may result in a lowered or failing grade and/or disciplinary action.

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