Master thesis proposal
The idea is about bringing mobility to countryside/small medium sized cities by using a innovative business model (intermodal mobility that combines carpool with public transportation)
Check out the instructions that are attached.
Definition of mobility and its newest trends including the business models that are already existing in this sector, highlighting intermodal mobility platform. Bring some examples (companies in Germany such as Jelbi, Berlkönig, Wunder mobility , or some that are doing similar in other countries such as china)
Maybe this table can be useful to show the segmentations.
And then explaining that these mobility solutions are mostly available in mega cities with high population density (important to do some research on inhabitant/km2 needed for a mobility solution to work),
giving some statistics that outline the number of inhabitants in cities with less than 50.000 inhabitants and the lack of mobility in those areas.
This whole part should not be long.
Main focus should be on carpooling.
Later giving a history about carpool and the different types of it over time, highlighting dynamic carpool solution
Explaining the reasons to its failure (not reaching critical mass)
The incentivization systems needed for a carpool to work
Business case: an intermodal mobility solution that integrate public transportation and carpool in real-time.
This section should connect all former parts together to show why do we believe that this business model is innovative (because no other intermodal mobility solution is connecting carpool and public transportation and targeting small to medium sized cities), why it should work in countryside or less densely populated cities (because it is not capital-intensive and it is using all existing resources in less denser areas and that it will resolve the problem of critical mass by partnering with public transportation.)
50 resources are needed
Follow you find good articles about carpooling and shared mobility:
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1805/1805.07885.pdf
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02014342/document
https://www.zeit.de/mobilitaet/2014-06/critical-mass-radfahren-gesellschaft
https://www.govtech.com/transportation/7-Strategies-to-Maximize-Ride-Sharings-Potential.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121692/
http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/umd-2009-05.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235214651830591X
I added some information that I collected reading different sources:
Reason for success:
- Correlation between gas prices and carpool
- Economic breakdown
- Restricted household budget
- Personal choices
- Establishing collaboration between oil industry, governmental entities and clients
- Sending reminder to all participnats before 2PM
- Automatic matching at a certain time, so employees have time to look for another option
- Mobility guarantee: offering other options (a carsharing, bürgerbus booked ahead of time if there are no matches, could be used for short rental during day as well, employee need to take other with themselves in case of a carsharing solution)
- Know about your morning match the evening before
- Many-manyè many-one, common meeting points: few-one
- No role registration at the beginning
- Proper finding a return ride
- Financial incentive better than convenience incentive( preffered parking, guaranteed ride home)
- Offering money at the beginning for using an alternativeè change behavior over time
- Collect coins that can be redeemed for variety of discounts or at local event
Facts: As the density increase, carpool percentage falls down because ppl have other modes of transport. The better the transit, the lower the chance for carpool. Meaning carpool and transit appear to compete for mode share. Unless there are incentives for drivers imposed from the government. Obvious travel-time saving as a result pf HOV lines.
Us: Result of a test in 1996: 360 driver registered and offered carpoolè10 requetsè 1 match, not clear if it turned to a shared ride. Why? Significant lack of marketing, incentive for sharing ride, inability to address the personal security
US, university, 400 participants: 2100 trips over 7 months, 700 ride requestè 150 matches, 41 undertaken
Reason for success: no fear of stranger, on campus parking control
M21 Germany, 2001 (Holzwarth et al, 2001); (a carsharing, bürgerbus booked ahead of time if there are no matches, could be used for short rental during day as well, employee need to take other with themselves in case of a carsharing solution. Preference to the ones that passed large number of employees location.
9months, 320 employees (5% of 6000 employees) grow to 500, no info about successful matches.
Marketing as a reason for success, personal assistance particulae important at the beginning, servce was most popular by suburn commuters, flexivibility on occasional arrangement, cost saving of leaving a vehicle at home.
Send a reminder at least 15 minutes in advance to confirm the rider. incentive and marketing were offered ahead of time before the launch of the product. 5€ (2.5 for morning, 2.5 for afternoon) if the driver offer a ride on the afternoon, 5€ if the rider doesn’t receive a ride. Was not successful tho. Number of new registered doenst equal to number of ppl who dropped offè failure
2006: 121 participants, six months, 1170 requests (9.7 /person)è 141 matches (12%) (parking benefit as the highest incentive)
Reasons for failure:
- Only focusing on work-home journeys (50% of journeys are non-commute journeys)-If focusing on maximizing occupancy these trips should be the focus, if congestion (AM PM) matters then commute trip on certain hours. Empty-seat miles by commute trips are the highest.
- Lack of continuous incentive, only first 5 times
- Non effectively measuring the outcomes
- Fear of stranger
- More driver than passenger (23% ride request 77% rides offered/56%driver 15%passenger, 29% both)
- No option when there is no matching carpool
Incentive and Marketing:
- Collect coins and redeem in a local event
- Win a big price rather than small ones (with high odds of winning for those who have changed their behavior the most)
- Give rewards for the first months to change behavior
- Guaranteed small rewards work better than large risky reward
- Consistency secure the supply by rewarding the ones who stay consistent with carpool offers (3/week but throughout the month over 5 times/week but only one week)
- For less risk averse, small discounts on local establishments
- Provide feedback about travel behavior to users (travel today with ÖPVN instead of car)
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