Table of Contents
Module: CRI-30044
Prisons & Imprisonment
Academic Year 2019-2020 (AUTUMN semester)
Aims and intended learning outcomes:
This module explores the position of prisons and prisoners in academic, policy, media and popular discourse. It comprises four parts: Lectures 1 and 2 examine different representations of imprisonment, firstly in official policy, and secondly in media and popular culture.
Lectures 3 to 5 focus on prisons as spaces of power, control, and conflict by examining everyday lived experience of imprisonment from the perspectives of prisoners and staff. We also examine how and why prison conflict and radicalisation develops.
The third section explores the links between imprisonment and social inequality through lectures on young prisoners, ‘race’, and gender (‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’). We conclude by examining contemporary controversies about the impacts of capitalism and globalisation on imprisonment, and about whether or why prisons fail to rehabilitate offenders.
By engaging with the module fully, you will, by the end of it:
- Understand of the day-to-day practices and experiences of prisons, their occupational cultures, routines and environments, and the impacts of these on staff and prisoners.
- Critically appreciate the impact of ethnic, gendered, political and cultural inequality and difference in the experience of imprisonment
- Understand contemporary problems with the prison system and their impact on the goals of rehabilitation, re-integration and resettlement.
- Critically engage with the literature on prisons and imprisonment and distinguish between competing theories and different analytical approaches.
- Understand and critically evaluate contemporary debates about the future of imprisonment and the forces driving it.
Structure
Lectures will be held weekly (please check your electronic noticeboard for your lecture time and venue).
We will meet weekly for one two-hour session. Our activities will comprise blended lectures and tutor-led workshops based on the topic of the week. We will take concepts from the lecture and reading and explore them using contemporary events and case studies relating to imprisonment. Students are strongly encouraged to cultivate a broad curiosity about imprisonment in society, and to keep up with contemporary events and developments about imprisonment. This includes keeping up with prison-related issues in the media, culture and politics and at the very least reading the recommended key reading prior to Workshops. The quality of these sessions is dependent upon the ideas all participants bring.
If you are unable to attend any session, please let the attendance administrator know as soon as you can, Catherine Crutchley: [email protected]
Assessment information:
Marking criteria
Marking criteria for this module are in line with University guidelines on assessment and marking. For further information, please follow this link. You can also these with your tutor.
Student Guidance: https://www.keele.ac.uk/policyzone/viewbyowner/planningandacademicadministration/name,174974,en.php
Marking Scheme: https://www.keele.ac.uk/policyzone/viewbyowner/planningandacademicadministration/name,95897,en.php
Assessment 1: 3500 word paper (excluding bibliography) on a topic related to the module. Worth 100% of the overall mark for the module.
Deadlines for assessed work: please refer to KLE.
Essay Titles:
Answer one of the following questions:
- ‘In order to fully understand the prison crisis we first need to break out of the narrow crime-and-punishment paradigm and examine the broader role of the penal system as an instrument for managing dispossessed and dishonoured groups’ (Wacquant, L. Deadly Symbiosis, 2001: 95). Critically discuss this statement.
- To what extent, and in what ways, do prisons succeed or fail in their mission of rehabilitating prisoners? Critically discuss why you have come to your conclusions, drawing on reformist or abolitionist theories.
- ‘Although audiences are aware that media images of prisoners and imprisonment are artificially constructed, they remain both popular and convincing because they appeal to prevailing social and cultural beliefs about crime and offenders’. Critically discuss this statement.
- Are contemporary prison regimes ‘softer’ and ‘kinder’ than in the past, and therefore devoid of punishment?
- ‘The prison officer’s role is essentially concerned with humanising an inhumane system’. Critically discuss this statement.
- According Silke (Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism. 2014: 3) prisoners and those convicted of politically-motivated (‘terrorist’) offences are ‘unusual and distinctive’ and therefore, ‘their management can pose exceptionally difficult problems in prisons’. How convincing is this argument?
- ‘The prison system encourages the enactment of hegemonic masculinity in many ways’. Critically explore this debate with reference to theories of masculinity.
- Is the prison system ‘institutionally racist’? In answering this, you may draw on examples from the UK and/or other countries.
- ‘The paradox is that despite successive attempts to reform and improve imprisonment for women, the situation of women prisoners briefly and partially improves before slipping back again’. Critically account for why this might be the case.
- According to several commentators, our youth custody system is no longer able to fulfil the functions of holding young offenders in safety, security or to rehabilitate them. How has this situation come about and how would you rectify it?
- What are the main features of the penal-industrial complex in the contemporary age of globalisation, and why has it evolved?
If you have a particular topic that you would like to write about but which is not covered by one of these questions, you can design your own question. If you wish to take this option you MUST speak to the module leader about your ideas before you start. Essays submitted with questions that have not been pre-approved will receive a mark of ZERO.
Reading and preparation
Much of the information for this module is available via the Keele Learning Environment (KLE) web page: https://bb.vle.keele.ac.uk/
The reading for each session is divided into ‘key’ and ‘further’ reading. Where possible, the key reading, which is the minimal preparation for our weekly workshops, is available on KLE. The list of recommended reading is not exhaustive. However, it is expected that final year undergraduates will be proactive in conducting their own research. Some keywords are listed after each lecture descriptor to help with your literature searches.
You are encouraged to read outside the given readings in order to develop an independent perspective. The use of academic journals (many of which are available electronically) is strongly advised for the successful completion of the module. Key journals include:
Punishment and Society; Prison Service Journal; British Journal of Criminology; British Journal of Social Work; Prison Service Journal; Howard Journal of Criminal Justice; Criminal Justice Matters; Theoretical Criminology; Crime, Media and Culture and other relevant journals.
Key texts for the course.
There is no single core text for this module, but here is a list of recommended key texts. If you are new to prison studies or want to refresh your knowledge, there are some accessible introductory texts. Several of these cover themes that are relevant to lecture and essay topics, so you are advised to regularly check these sources throughout the module.
Jewkes, Y., Bennet, J. & B. Crewe (eds) (2016) Handbook on Prisons: second edition. London: Routledge. (ebook)
King, Roy D. (1998) Prisons, in Tonry, M. (ed) (1998) The Handbook of crime and punishment, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 589-625 (e-book)
Briggs, J., Harrison, C., McInnes, A. & D. Vincent (1996) ‘Patterns of Punishment’, Chapter 11, in Crime and Punishment in England: An Introductory History, pp 133-146 (ebook).
Von Hirsch, A. (1998) Penal Theories, in Tonry, M. (ed) (1998) The Handbook of crime and punishment, New York: Oxford University Press, pp 659-681 (ebook).
Scott, D. (2008) Penology: Sage Course Companion. London: Sage (ebook).
Other very useful texts:
Cavadino, M. & J. Dignan (2002) The Penal System: An Introduction London: Sage
Cavadino, M. & J. Dignan (2006) Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach, London: Sage.
Coyle, A. (2005) Understanding prisons: key issues in policy and practice Milton Keynes: Open University Press (ebook)
Crawley, R. & R. Sparks (2007) Age of Imprisonment, Cullompton: Willan
Jewkes, Y. & Johnston, H. (eds.) (2006) Prison Readings Cullompton: Willan.
Liebling, A & S. Maruna, (Eds) (2005) The Effects of Imprisonment, Cullompton: Willan (ebook).
Matthews, R. (1999) Doing Time: An Introduction to the Sociology of Imprisonment Hampshire: Macmillan Press (ebook)
Reflection activity: Examining prison life.
Every week we will have a lecture, and then I will lead a reflective activity with the group. WeI explore a ‘real life’ source which is related (very broadly) to the culture and social life of imprisonment. We will use these sources as a starting point for exploring a wider set of questions about imprisonment. For example, we will be exploring an aspect of prison life every week by using physical items or objects as well as representations.
Normally, I will select a source but students are encouraged to find some other items of potneital interest. Sources can be an academic paper or book; government report or a policy relating to imprisonment; a media report; a film, documentary, video or digital recording; visual imagery such as a picture, mural, photograph; a performance or a protest event; a cultural artefact such as a biography, songs, poetry, protest or campaigning material or campaigns by penal activist groups.
Our starting point is that the item can tell us something important about an aspect of prison life. Using the chosen example, we will then develop a discussion about how it tells us something of relevance or importance about an aspect of prison life. Although you will start with discussing your selection of object, you will be expected develop your discussion using reading on that topic to help you to build an interesting analysis and a reflection which allows us to understand it from the bigger picture perspective.
Lecture 1/Reviewing the ‘prison crisis’
There is a great deal of discussion about the current ‘crisis’ affecting prisons in England and Wales (as well as the other systems in the UK in Scotland and Northern Ireland). This lecture will explore the background to, and different diagnoses of, the ‘crisis’. The prison crisis has been attributed to humanitarian problems arising from overcrowding and poor conditions; managerial problems contributing to failures to keep prisoners in ‘safe and secure custody’; sentencing policy and crime legislation. While some commentators propose that remedies are to be found by reforming sentencing and improving prison conditions, others attribute underlying social and economic explanations to the overuse of custodial punishment. We will examine the relative merits of these analyses.
Keywords: overcrowding – sentencing – Titan prison –prison expansion – prisoner population.
Key readings
Cavadino, M. & J. Dignan (2006) ‘England and Wales: Stop-Go and the Upwards Zig-Zag’, in Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach, London: Sage, 62-76 (KLE).
Drake, D.H. and Henley, A.J. (2014) ‘‘Victims’ versus ‘offenders’ in British political discourse: The construction of a false dichotomy’, The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 53 (2): 141-157 (ejournals).
Further reading
Cavadino, M. & J. Dignan (2006) ‘Globalised Penal Crisis? in Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach, London: Sage, 43-49.
Garside, R. & W. McMahon (eds.) (2006) Does Criminal Justice Work? The ‘Right for the Wrong Reasons’ Debate. London: Crime and Society Foundation, esp. Introduction (KLE).
Hough, M., Allen, R. & E. Solomon (2008) Tackling Prison Overcrowding: Build More Prisons? Sentence Fewer Offenders? Bristol: Policy Press (ebook).
King, R.D. & K. McDermott (1995) The State of Our Prisons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pratt, J. (2007) Penal Populism. Routledge: Oxford.
Ramsbotham, D. (2003) Prisongate: The Shocking State of Britain’s Prisons and the Need for Visionary Change, London: Free Press.1-25.
Sim, J. (2009) Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State. London: SAGE
Simon, J. (2007), Governing Through Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wacquant, L. (2008) Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Cambridge: Polity.
Wacquant, L. (2009), Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. London: Duke University Press.
Lecture 2/Prisons in the media
The ‘prison’ is a site for fictional as well as documentary and academic fascination and commentary. This lecture critically examines how prisons are constructed as sources of entertainment and information in the media. These representations are contested by academic and official sources which seek to offer the public a different version of what goes on in prisons.
Keywords: media –representation– moral panic– offender – dangerous.
Key reading/preparation
Brummett, B. (2018) ‘Rhetoric and popular culture’, in Brummett, B. (ed.) Rhetoric in popular culture. Sage, pp. 38-72.
https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=2be49c55-1218-e911-80cd-005056af4099
OR
Kearon AT. (2012) Alternative Representation of the Prison and Imprisonment – Comparing Dominant Narratives in the News Media and in Popular Fictional Texts. Prison Service Journal, vol. 199, 4-10. (e journal)
For an introduction to the concepts:
Ryan, Mick (2005) ‘Red Tops, Populists and the irresistible rise of public voice(s)’, in Mason, P. (ed) (2005) Captured by the Media. Cullompton: Willan pp 31-47 (ebook)
Jewkes, Y. (2002) ‘Contextualising the Importance of media in everyday life’ in Captive Audience: Media, Masculinity and Power in Prisons, Cullompton: Willan, 22-30 (ebook).
Sources on the politics and theory of media representation.
Barker, C. (1999), Television, Globalization and Cultural Identities. Open University Press.
Barrat, D. (1994), Media Sociology (Fourth Edition). Routledge.
Bennett, J. (2008) “Reel life after prison: Repression and reform in films about release from prison”, Probation Journal; 55: 353-368 (online journals).
Curran, J. (2002), Media and Power. Routledge.
Drake, D. (2011) The ‘dangerous other’ in maximum security prisons’, in Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11 (4), pp367-382. Online journals:
http://crj.sagepub.com/content/11/4/367
Jewkes, Y. (2002) Captive Audience: Media, Masculinity and Power in Prisons. Cullompton: Willan.
Jewkes, Y. (2015) Media and Crime. London: Sage. See part II: The Construction of Crime News.
Mason, P. (ed) (2005) Captured by the Media. Cullompton: Willan, especially chapters 1,2,3,5,6. (ebook)
Mason, P. (ed) (2003) Criminal Visions: Media Representations of Crime and Justice. Cullompton: Willan (ebook).
Nellis, M. (2009) The aesthetics of redemption : Released prisoners in American film and literature. Theoretical Criminology 2009 13: 129
The online version of this article can be found at:
http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/13/1/129
Roberts, J. V. (2002) Penal Populism and Public Opinion; Lessons from Five Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press (ebook).
Wilson, D. and O’Sullivan, S. (2004) Images of Incarceration: Representations of Prison in Film and Television Drama Winchester: Waterside Press (ebook)
General reading:
Ferrell, J. & N. Websdale (eds) (1999) Making Trouble: Cultural Constructions of Crime, Deviance and Control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Merlo, A. V. (2000) What’s Wrong with the Criminal Justice System? Ideology, Politics and the Media. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing.
Pratt, J. (2007) Penal Populism. Routledge: Oxford
Valverde, M. (2006) Law and Order: Images, Meanings, Myths. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish.
Langer, J. (1998) Tabloid Television: Popular Journalism and the “Other News“, London: Routledge.
* Semiotics and tools for conducting close analyses of media content:
*Altheide, D. L. (1996), Qualitative Media Analysis. SAGE.
*Bignell, J. (1997), Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Manchester University Press.
*Chandler, D. (2017) Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge. (ebook).
*Berger, A. (2019) ‘Murderers on the orient express’, in Berger, A. (ed.) Media analysis techniques. Sage, pp. 205-214.
https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=fb144cf3-1218-e911-80cd-005056af4099
*Hornig Priest, S. (2010), Doing Media Research: An Introduction (Second Edition). SAGE Publications Limited.
*Johnson-Cartee, K. S. (2005), News Narratives and News Framing: Constructing Political Reality: Constructing Political Reality. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
*Khabaz, D. V. (2006), Manufactured Schema: Thatcher, the Miners and the Culture Industry. Matador.
*Scott, J. (2006), ‘Content Analysis’, in E. McLaughlin and J. Muncie eds., The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (Second Edition), 40—41. SAGE Publications Limited.
Lecture 3/Coping and Survival in Prison: Prisoner Communities
This lecture is the first of 3 sessions exploring the realities of life in prison. It focuses on prisoners’ strategies for coping with and surviving imprisonment. We begin with the ‘classical’ prison ethnography which explores the formation of prisoner ‘sub-cultures’ in response to prison controls. While theorists such as Goffman and Foucault suggest that prisoner solidarity is nurtured in the ‘total’ environment that is a prison, other penologists such as Mathiesen and Crewe question whether prisoner ‘solidarity’ is ever as robust as it initially appears.
Keywords: Chicago school – prison ethnography – prisoner subculture – organized prisoner – importation theory.
Screening:
Documentary series about HMP Durham, England. ‘Prisons’ (2019) Channel 4, Broadcast 14 January 2019.
https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/12C9DF64?bcast=128293910 Access Via BoB Box of Broadcasts.
Cattermole, M. (2019) ‘How to make salad dressing in prison’ in Prison: A Survival Guide. London: Ebury Press.
Recommended reading:
Cheeseman, K.A. (2003) Importing Aggression: An examination and application of prisoner subculture theories to prison violence. South West Journal of Criminal Justice, 1(1) 24-39 (KLE).
Sykes, Gresham M., (2007) “Argot Roles” from Sykes, Gresham M., The society of captives : a study of a maximum security prison pp.84-108, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press (ebook and KLE)
Further reading
Bowker, L. H. (1977) Prisoner Subcultures. Massachusetts: Lexington Books.
Clemmer, D. (1940) The Prison Community Boston: Christopher Publishing Co.
Cohen, S. and Taylor, L. (1972) Psychological Survival Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Crewe, B. (2005) ‘Codes and Conventions: The Terms and Conditions of Contemporary Inmate Values’, in Liebling, A. and Maruna, S. The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan (ebook link pending).
Crewe, B. (2010) The Prisoner Society: Power, Adaptation and Social Life in an English Prison Oxford U. Press: Oxford.
Finkelstein, E. (1993) Prison Culture: An Inside View Aldershot, Avebury.
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Harmondsworth, Penguin
Goffman, E. (1990): The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. 1st ed. 1959. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Goffman, E. (1991): Asylums. 1st ed. 1961. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Jewkes, Y. & Johnston, H. (Eds) (2006) Prison Readings: A Critical Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment, Cullompton: Willan. (Section 4: ‘The Prison Community’).
Leibling, A. (2004) ‘The Late Modern Prison and The Question of Values’ in Prisons and Their Moral Performance Oxford: Clarendon Press (extract on KLE/).
Mathiesen, T. (1965) The Defences of the Weak: A Sociological Study of a Norwegian Correctional Institution. London: Tavistock.
Parisi, N. (ed) (1982) Coping with Imprisonment London: Sage.
Sparks, R, A. Bottom & W. Hayes: (1996) ‘Social Order in Prisons: Theoretical Issues’ in Prisons and the Problem of Order, Oxford: Clarendon, pp32-96 (A lengthy chapter. Read selectively as it contains a comprehensive overview of the literature on prison order and prisoner solidarity).
Sykes, G. (1958) The Society of Captives Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Toch, Hans (1977/1992) ‘Issues related to Dependence and Autonomy: Freedom’, in Living in Prison: The Ecology of Survival’, Washington DC: APA, 131-164 (KLE)
See KLE sources on prisoner-led and organised campaigns.
Lecture 4/Doing Prison Work: The Powers and Roles of Prison Officers
Research on prisons has either overlooked the role of prison officers, or cast them in simplistic terms as faceless bureaucrats (‘turnkeys’) or authoritarian enforcers. This lecture will explore the development of the prison officer role from ‘disciplinarian’ to ‘social worker’ to ‘offender manager’. It will examine recent research on the emotional labour of prison work, as well as the background to recent industrial strife in the prison system. Finally we will examine interpersonal relations between prisoners and staff and consider ‘soft’ (disciplinary) and ‘hard’ (violent) control methods used by staff.
Keywords: Prison Officers’ Association – prison ethnography –occupational culture – punitive.
Key readings
Crewe, B. (2011) Soft power in prison: Implications for staff–prisoner relationships, liberty and legitimacy . European Journal of Criminology, 1-14 (pre publication version) DOI: 10.1177/1477370811413805
Warr J. (2007) ‘Personal Reflections on Prison Staff, in Bennet, J. & A Wahidin (eds) Bennett, J., B. Crewe & A. Wahidin (2007) Understanding Prison Staff. Cullompton: Willan, pp17-30 (ebook).
Crawley, E. M. (2004) ‘Them and Us: How officers see prisoners’, in Doing Prison work: The Public and Private Lives of Prison Officers. Cullompton: Willan, (part 4: ebook).
Further Reading
Arnold, H., A.( 2016) ‘Prison officers and prison culture’ in Handbook on Prisons, Y. Jewkes et al. (eds) Routledge (ebook)
Bryans, S. (2007) Prison Governors: Managing Prisons in a Time of Change. Cullompton: Willan.
Crewe, B. (2006) ‘Male Prisoners’ Orientations towards Female Officers in an English Prison’, Punishment and Society, Vol 8(4), pp395-321 (electronic journals).
Liebling, A & Maruna, S. (Eds) (2005) The Effects of Imprisonment, Willan Publishing
Liebling, A. & D. Price (2001/2007) The Prison Officer. London: Waterside Press (ebook link).
Liebling, A. (2000) ‘Prison Officers, Policing and the Use of Discretion’, Theoretical Criminology, 4(3), 333-357 (electronic journals).
Howard League (2009) Turnkeys or Professionals? A vision for the 21st century prison officer, London: Howard League. (KLE)
Lecture 5/ Political imprisonment and radicalisation
The past decade has seen the emergence of groups advocating and carrying out politically-motivated violence (’terrorism’) in Europe and elsewhere. This has focused attention on prisons as ‘universities of terrorism’ and recruitment grounds. This lecture places contemporary fears about prison radicalisation in their recent historical context. We will examine how strategically and ideologically important prisons are for different movements from Irish Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries to Islamist movements. We will examine the deep levels of cohesion and loyalty within such groups as well as the extraordinary acts of resistance, including hunger strikes, riots and escapes they have embarked on. The tutorial will examine the internal dynamics, culture and discipline of political groups and assess why ‘deradicalisation’ may be so difficult to achieve.
Keywords – Islamism – radicalisation – political prison – internment – Northern Ireland
Tutorial: Screening: ‘Guantanamo Bay’ Panorama BBC1, October 6 2003
OR
Extracts from ‘Hunger’ (2008) Dir, S. McQueen.
Key Reading:
Andrew Silke (Ed.), (2014) Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform. New York, NY: Routledge, 2014. Chapter 1.
MULCAHY, E., MERRINGTON, S. and BELL, P., 2013. The radicalization of Prison inmates: Exploring recruitment, religion and prisoner vulnerability. Journal of Human Security, 9(1), pp. 4-14.
Parveen, N., Jan,28th, 2016-last update, Young Muslims tell MPs unhealthy focus on extremism is stigmatising them. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/28/young-muslims-extremism-stigmatising-bradford [Aug/12th, 2016].
Further reading:
THOMPSON, R., 2011. Radicalization and the use of social media. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), pp. 167-190.
BARTLETT, J. and MILLER, C., 2012. The edge of violence: Towards telling the difference between violent and non-violent radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24(1), pp. 1-21.
Crone, M., 2016. Radicalization revisited: Violence, politics and the skills of the body. International Affairs, 92(3), pp. 587-604.
McCauley, C. and Moskalenko, S., 2010. Individual and Group Mechanisms of Radicalization. N00140510629. Department of Homeland Security through the National Consortium for the study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
McCauley, C. and Moskalenko, S., 2008. Mechanisms of political Radicalization:Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), pp. 415-433.
NIELSEN, A., 2010. Violent radicalization in Europe: What we know and what we do not know. Conflict and Terrorism, 33(9), pp. 797-814.
NUEMANN, P., 2007. Recruitment and mobilization for the Islamist militant movement in Europe. London: Kings College.
POUTAIN, D. and ROBBINS, D., 2007. Cool Rules: Anatomy of an attitude. London: Reaktion Books.
VIDINO, L. and BRANDON, J., 2012. Countering Radicalization in Europe. King’s College London: The International Centre for the study of Radicalization and Political violence.
Further reading: radicalisation and political resistance in prisons
Begg, M. (2007) Enemy combatant; the terrifying true story of a Briton in Guantánamo, London : Pocket Books.
Corcoran, M. (2006) Out of Order: The Political Imprisonment of Women in Northern Ireland, 1972-1998. Cullompton: Willan, ch3.
Fletcher, L.E., Stover, E. & Smith, S.P. (eds) (2009) The Guantánamo effect : exposing the consequences of U.S. detention and interrogation practices. Berkeley : University of California Press
Greenberg, K. J. & Dratel, J.L. (eds) 2006 The torture papers : the road to Abu Ghraib, Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press
Godderis, M. (2006) Dining In: The Symbolic Power of Food in Prison, Howard Journal, 45(3) 255-267 (electronic journals and KLE).
McEvoy, K. (2001): Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management and Release. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Pantazis, C. & S. Pemberton (2009)” From the ‘Old’ to the ‘New’ Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation”, British Journal of Criminology 49(5) 646-666,
Robertson, G. (2006) Crimes against humanity: the struggle for global justice, London: Penguin
Rodley, N. S. (2000) The treatment of prisoners under international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sands, P. (2006) Lawless world: the whistle-blowing account of how Bush and Blair are taking the law into their own hands, New York: Penguin Books
Sands, P. (2008) Torture team : Rumsfeld’s memo and the betrayal of American values, New York : Palgrave Macmillan
von Tangen Page, M. (1998) Prisons, peace and terrorism; penal policy in the reduction of political violence in Northern Ireland, Italy and the Spanish Basque country, 1968-97. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Zaeeff, A.S. (2010) My life with the Taliban, London: Hurst & Company
Godderis, M. (2006) Dining In: The Symbolic Power of Food in Prison, Howard Journal, 45(3) 255-267 (electronic journals and KLE).
DEVELOPMENT WEEK: BREAK IN TEACHING TO ALLOW STUDENTS TO ATTEND ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES.
Lecture 6/ Children in prison
The number of young people (under 18 years of age) in custody soared after the 1990s and has only begun to diminish in recent years. Several commentators have sought to explain whether children who end up in custody are ‘sad’, ‘bad’, have had poor life chances or have been ‘given up on’. Others contend that marginalised young people have suffered the brunt of social intolerance and penal punitiveness. This lecture explores these debates, while also asking whether imprisonment itself exacerbates the harms such youth experience.
Keywords: youth justice – ant-social – resettlement – juvenile custody – suicide.
Key reading:
Goldson, Barry. (2015) ‘The circular motions of penal politics and the pervasive irrationalities of child imprisonment’, in Goldson, Barry; Muncie, John (ed.) Youth Crime and Justice. pp. 170-190.On KLE
Jones, T. (2010) public opinion, politics and the public response to youth crime in Smith, D.J. (ed) A New Response to Youth Crime. Willan: Cullompton.
McAra, L. (2010) models of youth justice in Smith, D.J. (ed) A New Response to Youth Crime. Willan: Cullompton.
Bateman, T., Where has all the Youth Crime Gone? Youth Justice in an Age of Austerity. Children & Society, 28(5), pp. 416-424.
The Guardian (2010) Report reveals why so many children end up in prison. September 15. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/sep/15/research-children-young- people-custody
Further reading:
Bateman, T. (2012) Who pulled the plug? Towards an explanation of the fall in child imprisonment in England and Wales, Youth justice, 12 (1), 36-52.
Bowker, L. H. (1998) Masculinities and Violence, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Cesaroni, C. & M Peterson-Badali (2010) Understanding the Adjustment of Incarcerated Young Offenders: A Canadian Example. Youth Justice. 10 (2), 107-125.
Caffrey, S. and Mundy, G., 1996. Crime, deviance and society: selected debates. Dartford: Greenwich University Press.
Cohen, E., Pfeifer, J. and Wallace, N., Use of Psychiatric Medications in Juvenile Detention Facilities and the Impact of State Placement Policy. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 23(4), pp. 738-744.
Davies, S. (1997) ‘A sight to behold: Media and the visualisation of youth, evil and innocence’, in J. Bessant and R. Hil eds., Youth Crime and the Media: Media representations of and Reactions to Young People in relation to Law and Order, 55-66. Australian Clearinghouse for Youth Studies.
Farrall, S.,(2011) Escape routes: contemporary perspectives on life after punishment. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Fougere, D., Kramarz, F. and Pouget, J., Youth unemployment and crime in France. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(5), pp. 909-938.
Holland, P. (2004), Picturing Childhood: The Myth of the Child in Popular Imagery. I.B. Tauris.
Green, D. A. (2008), ‘Suitable Vehicles: Framing blame and justice when children kill a child’, Crime Media Culture, 4/ 2: 197–220.
Goldson, B. and Coles, D., 2005. In the care of the state? Child deaths in penal custody in England and Wales. London: Inquest.
Goldson, B. (2005) Child Imprisonment: A case for abolition. Youth justice, 5(2), 77-90.
Goldson, B. & Muncie, J. (2015) Youth, Crime and Justice, (2nd edn), London: Sage (ebook).
Gray, P. (2011) Youth Custody, Resettlement and the Right to Social Justice, Youth Justice, 11(3) 235-249 (e-journals).
Howard League of Penal Reform & Scrivener, A., 1993. Suicides in Feltham report of an inquiry into the suicides of four young men between August 1991 and March 1992. London: Howard League for Penal Reform.
Harvey, J. (2007) Young Men in Prison, Cullompton: Willan (ebook link pending).
Jefferson, T. (1994) ‘Theorising Masculine Subjectivity’, in T. Newburn & E. Stanko (eds) Just Boys Doing Business? London: Routledge, pp 32-45.
Jerrom, C., Young offenders report high levels of depression and a lack of support. Community Care, (1483), pp. 12-12.
Smith, D.J. (ed) A New Response to Youth Crime. Willan: Cullompton.
McAra, L. & S McVie (2010) Youth crime and justice: Key messages from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 10 (2) 179-209.
McCulloch, C., Fighting the Good Fight Without Facts or Favor: The Need to Reform Juvenile Disciplinary Seclusion in Texas’s Juvenile Facilities. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights, 19(1), pp. 147-168.
Mallett, Christopher A. (2016) The school-to-prison pipeline: A critical review of the punitive paradigm shift. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, Vol.33 (1), p.15-25
Mallett, Christopher A. (2016) The School-to-Prison Pipeline: From School Punishment to Rehabilitative Inclusion. Preventing School Failure, 2016, Vol.60 (4), p.296-305
Mitchell, P. and Shaw, J., Factors affecting the recognition of mental health problems among adolescent offenders in custody. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(3), pp. 381-394.
Nugent, C. (2015) Reaching the ‘Hardest to reach’. Youth Justice, 15 (3), 271-285.
Parker, Andrew ; Meek, Rosie ; Lewis, Gwen (2014) Sport in a youth prison: male young offenders’ experiences of a sporting intervention. Journal of Youth Studies, Vol.17 (3), p.381-397
PRISON REFORM TRUST and Jacobson, J, et al. (2010) Punishing disadvantage: a profile of children in custody. London: Prison Reform Trust.http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/uploads/documents/punishingdisadvantage.pdf
Roberts, A.R., 2003. Critical issues in crime and justice. 2 edn. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Russell, M.A. and Marston, E.G., Profiles of Mental Disorder among Incarcerated Adolescent Females. Court Review, 46(1/2), pp. 16-23.
Wilson, H., (2014) Turning off the School-to-Prison Pipeline. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 23(1), pp. 49-53.
Wilson, H. (2014). Turning off the school-to-prison pipeline. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 23(1), 49-53.
Lecture 7/ The gendered pains of imprisonment (Women in prison)
Because men prisoners outnumber women by a ratio of 19:1, the prison system is designed and run with male adults in mind. This lecture explores how gender shapes imprisonment in relation to women. It analyses the gender continuum in the disposal of women offenders from sentencing to imprisonment. We will critically explore feminist research on regulating and disciplining women prisoners, as well as the ideologies behind ‘rehabilitation’ and medical/psychiatric controls. Finally, we will explore recent arguments in favour of reducing or abolishing women’s imprisonment (Howard League, Carlen, 2002: Women in Prison: Corston Report)
Keywords: Gender deviance – mother – women in prison – victim – Corston report.
Key reading
Malloch, M. & G. McIvor (2013) ‘Women, punishment and social justice’, an introduction to Malloch & McIvor (eds) Women, punishment and social justice: human rights and penal practices. Routledge, pp 3-12 (e-book).
Further reading
Bosworth, M. (2000) ‘Confining femininity: A history of gender, power and imprisonment’ Theoretical Criminology. Vol. 4(3): 265–284 (electronic journals).
Bosworth, M. (1999) Engendering Resistance: Agency and Power in Women’s Prisons Dartmouth: Ashgate.
Carlen, P. (1983) Women’s Imprisonment: A Study in Social Control Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Carlen, P., (1998) “Women, gender and imprisonment” from Carlen, P., Sledgehammer : Women’s Imprisonment at the Millennium Basingstoke,: Macmillan. pp.46-65.
Carlen, P. (ed) (2002) ‘Introduction: Women and Punishment’ in Women and Punishment: The Struggle for Justice, Cullompton, Willan Publishing. Also refer to chaps 2,9 and 12 (ebook).
Corcoran, M.S. (2010) Snakes and Ladders: penal reform for women under New Labour, Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 22 (2), 233-251.
Corcoran, M.S. (2011) After Corston: the rehabilitation revolution? Criminal Justice Matters, (85) 26-28.
Corcoran, M.S. & Fox, C. (2012) ‘A seamless partnership?’ Developing multi-agency interventions in a non-custodial diversionary project for women. Criminology and Criminal Justice (DOI: 10.1177/174889581254750 7August 2012).
Deakin, J. & Spencer, J. (2003) ‘Women Behind Bars: Explanations and Implications’, Howard Journal, 42/2, 123-136 (KLE).
Carlen, P. & Worrall, A. (2004) Analysing women’s imprisonment, Cullompton, Willan Publishing, esp. Chs. 2,3 & 6.
Devlin, A. (1998) Invisible Women, Winchester: Waterside Press.
Gelsthorpe, L. & Morris, A.(2002) ‘Women’s imprisonment in England and Wales: a penal paradox’ , Criminal Justice, 2,3,277-301 (online journals).
George, E. (2010) A woman doing life; notes from a prison for women. R. Johnson (ed) New York: Oxford University Press
Hannah-Moffat, K. (2001) Punishment in Disguise: Penal Governance and Federal Imprisonment of Women in Canada. Toronto University Press, Toronto.
Howard League for Penal Reform (2004) Advice, understanding and underwear: working with girls in prison, London, The Howard League for Penal Reform.
Hannah-Moffat, K. and Shaw, M (eds) (2000) An Ideal Prison? Critical Essays on Women’s Imprisonment in Canada. (Eds.) Fernwood Publishing, Halifax.
Wyner, R. (2003) From the Inside: Dispatches from a Women’s Prison, London, Aurum Press.
Ramsbotham, D. (2003) ‘HMP Holloway, 13-14 December 1995’ in Prisongate:
London: Simon and Schuster, 1-25.
Lecture 8/ Race, ethnicity and imprisonment
Ethnic minority prisoners are disproportionately represented in the UK, European and the US prison systems. This lecture will explore the relationships between ‘ethnicity’, ‘race’ and prison punishment. It analyses the discriminatory effects of prison systems as they fail to respond appropriately to foreign nationals and minority ethnic prisoners. We examine the debates about ‘institutional racism’ in prison systems in Britain. Finally, we broaden our perspective to examine radical analyses of the racialisation (‘blackening’) of imprisonment and the use of imprisonment as a form of racial oppression.
Keywords: Institutional racism – penal-industrial complex – slavery – deportation.
Key reading
Philips, C. (2007) Ethnicity, Identity and Community Cohesion in prison (extract) in
Wetherell, Margaret and Lafleche, Michelynn and Berkeley, Robert, (eds.) Identity, ethnic diversity and community cohesion. SAGE Publications Ltd., London, UK, pp. 75-86 (on KLE)
Davis, A. Y. & James, J. (ed), (1998) “Race and Criminalisation: Black Americans and the Punishment Industry” from Davis, A. Y. & James, J. (ed), The Angela Y. Davis Reader, Oxford,: Blackwell pp.61-73 (KLE).
Further reading
Bowling, B. & C. Phillips (2002) Racism, Crime and Justice, Longman
Cheliotis, L. & A. Liebling (2006) ‘Race Matters in British Prisons’, British Journal of Criminology, 46, pp286-317 (online journals)
Davis, A. Yuval (1998): Political Prisoners, Prisons and Black Liberation. In: The Angela Y. Davis Reader. (Ed: James, J.) Oxford: Blackwell, 39-52.
Davis, A. (1998) ‘Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex’, Colorlines, Fall/Autumn (electronic reading pack on KLE).
Edgar, K. and Martin, C. (2004) Perceptions of Race and Conflict: Perspectives of Minority Ethnic Prisoners and Prison Officers, Home Office online report 11/04, London: Home Office.
Genders, E. and Player, E. (1989) Race Relations in Prisons, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hallett, M. (2002) ‘Race, Crime and For-Profit Imprisonment’, Punishment and Society, 4(3), 369-393.
Hudson, B (1993) ‘Racism and Criminology: Concepts and Controversies’, in, D. Cook & B. Hudson (eds.), Racism and Criminology. London: Sage.
Lammy, D. (2017) The Lammy Review: An independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the criminal justice system. London: HM Government. See especially chapter 5 on Prisons, pp44-56.
NACRO (2007) Black Communities, Mental Health and the Prison System Briefing. London: NACRO (KLE)
NACRO (2003) Race and Prisons: Where Are We Now? London: NACRO.
Phillips, C. & B.Bowling. (2002) ‘Racism, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice’, in M.Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spalek, B. (2008) ‘”Race, Crime and Criminal justice’, Communities, Identity and Crime, Bristol: Policy Press, 131-160.
Street, P. (2006) Starve the Racist Prison Beast: Review of America’s System of Mass Incarceration, April 19, (KLE)
Tonry, M. (1994) ‘Racial Disproportion in US Prisons’, in R. King and M. Maguire, Prisons in Context, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wacquant, L. (2000) ‘The New `Peculiar Institution’ On the Prison as Surrogate Ghetto’, Theoretical Criminology 4/3, 377-393 (put on KLE).
Websites
Lammy, D. (2017) The Lammy Review: An independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the criminal justice system. London: HM Government. See especially chapter 5 on Prisons, pp44-56 (link on KLE).
Macpherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, Cm4262-I. London: The Stationery Office.
Ministry of Justice (2009) Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2007/8, London: Ministry of Justice, http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/stats-race-criminal-justice-system-07-08-revised.pdf
The Zahid Mubarek Inquiry: http://www.zahidmubarekinquiry.org.uk/index-2.html
The Joint Committee on Human Rights (2004) First Report into Deaths in Custody, December 15 2004 HMSO London: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtrights/12/1202.htm.
Race and crime control
Spalek, B. (ed) (2008) Ethnicity and Crime: A Reader. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Hall, S. et al. (1978) Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Cook, D. & Hudson, B. (eds). (1993) Racism and criminology, London: Sage.
Fredrickson, G., (2002), Racism: A short history, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Miles, R. and Brown, M. (2003, 2nd edn.) Racism, London: Routledge
Fenton, S. (2003) Ethnicity, Cambridge: Polity
Goldberg, D.T. and Solomos, J. (eds) 2002) A companion to racial and ethnic studies, Oxford: Blackwell
Back, L. and Solomos, J. (eds.) (2007) Theories of Race and Racism, London: Routledge
Lecture 9/Prisons and mass incarceration
In the last few decades many nation states have seen significant increases in their use of imprisonment. In the US, for instance, the term ‘hyperincarceration’ has been coined to describe the five-fold increase in the prison population since the early 1970s. In this lecture, we will consider the work of a number of scholars who have linked this trend to political responses to growing insecurity causes by the globalisation of the economy under advanced capitalism.
Keywords: neoliberalism – hyperincarceration – insecurity – responsibilisation – criminology of the ‘Other’
Key reading
CAVADINO, M. & DIGNAN, J., (2006) “Globalized penal crisis?” from Cavadino, M. & Dignan, J., Penal systems : a comparative approach, pp.43-49, London: Sage
GARLAND, D. (1996) ‘The limits of the sovereign state: strategies of crime control in contemporary society’, British Journal of Criminology, 36(4): 445–471.
Key video
Loic Wacquant (speaker) and Nicola Lacey (respondent) (2009) ‘Bringing the penal state back in’, [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoumuRRwOqY (if you wish to skip the introductions Wacquant begins talking at 6m45 and his presentation ‘proper’ starts at 17m23).
Further reading
BOSWORTH, M. and GUILD, M. (2008) ‘Governing through migration control: security and citizenship in Britain’, 48: 703-719
FRANKO-AAS, K. (2007) ‘Analysing a world in motion: Global flows meet `criminology of the other’’, Theoretical Criminology, 11(2): 283–303
GARLAND, D. (2001) The Culture of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
LACEY, N. (2007) The Prisoners’ Dilemma: Political Economy and Punishment in Contemporary Democracies. Cambridge: University Press Cambridge
SIM, J. (2009) Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State. London: SAGE
SIMON, J. (2007), Governing Through Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press
WACQUANT, L. (2008) Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Cambridge: Polity.
WACQUANT, L. (2009), Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. London: Duke University Press.
Lecture 10/ Beyond reform: radical approaches to alternatives to imprisonment.
It is now widely recognised that the argument that ‘prison works’ has created the opposite effects. The more punitive societies have become, the more they focus on ‘failed’ recidivism lies and failings in our resettlement system. But what if ‘reforming’ or ‘improving’ the status quo is not enough? Most people who leave prison receive inadequate support for making the transition from the prison gate back to the community. Government policy claims that it is addressing the task of helping prisoners to leave their lives of crime behind them and resettle successfully. Academics and penal activists, however, argue that there is a continued failure to take resettlement and rehabilitation seriously. This lecture will examine some of the obstacles that prisoners face on re-entering society. However, it will draw on arguments from abolitionist perspectives (and social and political activist movements) to examine their claims that radical and profound societal changes are the answer.
Keywords: Abolitionism– alternatives to imprisonment– reintegration – activism – non-punitive approaches.
Key reading
Davis, Angela. (2003) ‘Introduction: Prison Reform or Prison Abolition?; Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press, P. 9-21. Available from: https://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Angela-Davis- Are_Prisons_Obsolete.pdf [12 pages]
Carlen, Pat (2012) Against Rehabilitation: For Reparative Justice. A transcript of the 2012 Eve Saville lecture given by Professor Pat Carlen to the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies on 6 November 2012 Available from: https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/resources/against-rehabilitation-reparative-justice
Recommended reading
Christie, Nils. (2000) Crime Control as Industry : Towards Gulags, Western Style . 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2000.
Sim, Joe. (2009) Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State. London: SAGE.
Ruggiero, Vincenzo (2020) Penal Abolitionism . New York: Oxford University Press.
Mathiesen, Thomas. “A Note on Power and Abolitionism.” Contemporary Crises 11.4 (1987): 403–405. Web.
Mathiesen, Thomas (1990) Prison on Trial a Critical Assessment. London: Sage. Print.
Perán, Jorge Ollero (2017). “Pragmatic Abolitionism? Defining the Complex Relationship Between Restorative Justice and Prisons.” Restorative Justice 5.2: 178–197. Web.
Gottschalk, M. (2006) The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilman, R.W. (2007) Golden Gulag: Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California, University of California Press: Berkeley.
Parenti, C. (1999) Lockdown America: police and prisons in an age of crisis. London: Verso.
Gottschalk, M. (2015) Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smith, A. (2009) Beyond Restorative Justice: Radical Organising Against Violence. In: Ptacek, J. (ed.) Restorative Justice and Violence Against Women. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp.255-278.
Further reading (re-entry)
Maruna, S. (2011) ‘Reentry as a rite of passage’, Punishment & Society, 13(1): 3-28. Available at: http://pun.sagepub.com/content/13/1/3.full.pdf+html
Farrall, S., Sparks, R & Maruna, S. (2011) Escape routes: contemporary perspectives on life after punishment. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Farrall, S. And Calverley, A. (2006) Understanding Desistance from Crime. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Maruna, S. (2001) Making good; how ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association.
Gonnerman, J. (2005) Life on the Outside: The Prison Odyssey of Elaine Bartlett, London: Picador.
Abolitionist thought and activism
Joy James, ed. (1998), The Angela Y. Davis Reader (Blackwell, 1998).
Vikki Law (2009) Resistance Behind Bars: The Struggles of Incarcerated Women (PM Press, 2009).
Dauncey, S (2007) . “The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America.” Journal of American Studies 1 Dec. 2007: 704–705. Web.
Emily Thuma, “Lessons in Self-Defense: Gender Violence, Racial Criminalization, and Anticarceral Feminism,” Women’s Studies Quarterly 43, 3-4 (2015), 52–71.
Henley, A.J. (2014) ‘Abolishing the stigma of punishments served’, Criminal Justice Matters, 97 (1): 22-23 (ejournals)
Carlen, P. (2013) ‘Against rehabilitation: For reparative justice’, Criminal Justice Matters, 91(1): 32-33 (e-journals)
Critical Resistance. (no date) What is Abolition? Available from: http://criticalresistance.org/about/not-so-common-language/ [1 page]
Prison Research Education Action Project (1976) ‘Nine Perspectives for Prison Abolitionists’, & ‘Diminishing / Dismantling the Prison System,’ from Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists. Available from: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/instead_of_prisons/nine_perspectives.shtml & https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/instead_of_prisons/chapter3.shtml [2 pages + 5 pages]
ICOPA – Targets of Abolitionism. Available from: http://www.actionicopa.org/assets/ABOUT%20ICOPA_handout_final_web.pdf [2 pages]
Dukmasova, Maya (2016) ‘Abolish the police? Organizers say its less crazy than it seems’. Chicago Reader. Available from: https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/police-abolitionist-movement-alternatives-cops-chicago/Content?oid=23289710
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson (2012) ‘Don’t reform prisons, abolish them’. Video of remarks at CT Coalition to Stop Indefinite Detention. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akirVY5Mqsg
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson (2015) ‘The Economy of Incarceration.’ Interview on the Laura Flanders Show. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39Axc3FIu9A
Law, Victoria (2011) Protection without Police: North American Community Responses to Violence in the 1970s and Today. Upping the Anti.Available from: http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/12-protection-without-police/4
Moore, John (2016) Prisons cannot be places of rehabilitation. https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/resources/prisons-cannot-be-places-rehabilitation
Sudbury, J. (2009) Reform or abolition? Using popular mobilisations to dismantle the ‘prison-industrial complex’ Criminal Justice Matters77 (1), pp.26 -28. Available from: https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/cjm/article/reform-or-abolition-using-popular-mobilisations-dismantle-‘prison
Shaylor,Cassandra. (2009) Neither Kind Nor Gentle: The Perils of ‘Gender Responsive Justice’. In: Scraton, P. and McQulloch, J. (eds.) The Violence of Incarceration. London & New York: Routledge, p. 145-163. [18 pages] Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283716121_The_Violence_of_Incarceration
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