Describe and compare the pathways for pain and temperature from the lower limb to the sensory cortex with that for touch and pressure
Describe and compare the pathways for pain and temperature from the upper limb to the cortex with that from the face
Describe the pathway for motor innervation of the lower limb and trunk from the cortex. Consider the neurons involved, synapses, decussations and terminations. Describe the position of these as precisely as possible – diagrams can be useful
Compare the functions of the trigeminal nerve with that of an upper cervical spinal nerve. What and where are the homologous components? Explain or describe the differences.
What are the functional components of the vagus nerve? What nuclei are they associated with and where are they found in the open medulla? Are there other nerves associated with the nuclei you have named?
Compare and contrast the corticobulbar, corticospinal and corticopontine fibres (consider their origin, pathway, function)
Name the four regions of the diencephalon. Describe their position, major components and general function
Janice suffered a small stroke. Afterwards she was cognitively normal, and her senses were intact but she exhibited some motor impairments. An MRI of her brain revealed that the stroke had been confined to the subthalamic nucleus on the left-hand side. Using your knowledge of basal ganglia circuitry and function, describe the symptoms that Janice is likely to experience and explain the neurological basis of these symptoms. Use a diagram to illustrate your answer
Jerry lost control of his skateboard and was hit by a car. After discharge from hospital, he noticed that he kept bumping into things because he hadn’t seen them. He was referred for a visual field perimetry test and was found to suffer from right superior homonymous quadrantanopsia. Using your knowledge of visual pathway circuitry and function, describe what this term means and how an injury could produce it. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer
Describe the transmission of noxious stimuli from cutaneous tissue to the higher brain centres?
In your answer:
elaborate on the differing nerve endings in cutaneous tissue that transmit noxious stimuli
the anatomical and physiological properties/characteristics of the axons
describe the regions of synapse in the spinal cord and higher brain centres
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is diagnosed based behavioural assessments and is associated with comorbidities including gut dysfunction.
Describe the core behavioural traits associated with ASD
Describe the two main components of the Enteric Nervous system and their principal functions
Many gene mutations that impact neuronal communication at the synapse have been identified in autism patients.
Describe how impairments in the enteric nervous system due to gene mutations affecting the synapse could alter gut function
Hypothalamus
Define the major components of the stress axis and the hormones that are released along the axis
Describe how these hormones regulate eating behaviour (at least two hormones)
Define the major components of the male and female reproductive axis and the hormones that are released along the axis
The release of which female reproductive hormones can be suppressed by the activation of the stress axis and what reproductive function does it affect? List at least two hormones.
Neuronal changes in neurological disease
What happens to neurons during a seizure and what is this due to ?
State the characteristics of focal seizures
Describe the pathologicalcharacteristics of multiple sclerosis
Jolanda fell while playing soccer and hit her head on the ground. She was diagnosed with with a mild subarachnoid hemorrhage and kept under observation in hospital but was later discharged without requiring treatment. However, a few days later she began complaining of a severe headache and started to act irrationally. She was rushed back to hospital where she was found to have external hydrocephalus. Using your knowledge of the cerebral vasculature, describe what this term means and how an injury could produce it. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer
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