chem120 quiz 7 chapter 7 thermochemistryA gas is compressed from an initial volume of 4.92 L to a final volume of 2.67 L by an external pressure of 1.05 atm. During the compression, the gas releases 89.5 J of heat. Calculate the change in internal energy of the gas.
HUM 3557: Jews, Christians, Muslims: Medieval Light on Modern IssuesStudy Guide 2.3 (Oct. 28 – Nov. 3): Representing Jews: Child MurderAssigned readings: Thomas of Monmouth, The Life and Passion of William of Norwich,translated and edited by Miri Rubin (Penguin Books, 2014), pp. 3-73; Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism,191-96, 207-11The readings this week and next week center on how Jews were portrayed and treated inChristian Europe in the central Middle Ages (12th, 13th and 14th centuries). There are threeimportant themes: 1) stories and rumors that Jews kidnaped, tortured, and killed Christianchildren, even using their blood in their own religious rituals (the “blood libel”); 2) stories andaccusations that Jews stole and desecrated Christian “hosts”, the wafers of bread that Catholicsbelieved became the body of Jesus in the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist; 3) the “special”status that Jews held in Christian kingdoms as the “property” of the king and as moneylenderswhose profits could be taxed or confiscated by the royal authorities (medieval Christians were, intheory at least, prohibited from lending money at interest [“usury”]).I must emphasize what I hope is obvious: these are unsubstantiated allegations, rumors,and slanders. The mass hysteria that surrounded some of these charges may be compared withthe panic and popular violence that surrounded witchcraft accusations in early modern times, orthat led to lynchings in modern America. We are not analyzing child murder or hostdesecration: we are analyzing accusations, the stories that perpetuated these accusations, andthe very real historical consequences for Jews who were persecuted and massacred as a result.By analyzing the stories, we may understand how and why Christians constructed a hostileportrait of the Jews, and why these particular stories were so potent.THOMAS OF MONMOUTH, THE LIFE AND PASSION OF WILLIAM OF NORWICHAbout the text…Thomas of Monmouth and the murder and cult of William of NorwichThis is a story about a twelve-year-old boy, William of Norwich, who was murdered inNorwich, England in 1144. It is written by a monk, Thomas of Monmouth. Thomas was probablyfrom Wales, but he wrote this as a member of the clergy attached to Norwich Cathedral inEngland. This work is particularly important as the earliest example of what is known as the“blood libel”, the charge that Jews murdered Christian children and even used their blood intheir religious rituals.The case revolves around the discovery of William’s dead body in a forest outsideNorwich. His family claimed he had been killed by the Jews. The case was brought to the bishop.The Jews were under the king’s protection—a typical arrangement in the medievalkingdoms—and the sheriff, a royal official, protected them from the charges. William was buriedin the cemetery of the community of monks who served the cathedral, and a local cult developedaround the tomb of the slain boy.Thomas began to write his work when he settled in Norwich several years after the boy’sdeath. The Life and Passion is divided into seven sections or books. It was composed in stagesbetween 1150 and 1173. The first book describes the life, murder, and burial. In Thomas’account, these events are accompanied by miraculous signs. Thomas includes a graphicdescription of the boy’s abduction, torture, and murder, and the disposal of William’s corpse inthe forest by the Jews. He reports on the signs that led to the finding of the boy’s body and theaccusations made by the boy’s family against the Jews. The boy’s uncle, Godwin, was a priestand he accused the Jews of the murder at a synod (a meeting of clergy) held by the bishop. Thesheriff protected the Jews and delayed the proceedings. The bishop did not pursue the case,according to Thomas, for fear of offending the king. The first book concludes with the burial ofWilliam in the monks’ cemetery at the cathedral.The second book provides the core of Thomas’ twofold argument: he seeks todemonstrate William’s sanctity as a martyr and the Jews’ guilt as his murderers. This is a verypolemical or argumentative chapter in which Thomas plainly anticipates that many will doubtand challenge his claims. First, he describes a series of miracles which he attributes to Williambecause of their association with visions or dreams about the boy or with objects linked with histomb. Then, he addresses those who would doubt the miracles, claim that the boy was too youngor poor to be a saint, or question whether he was murdered by the Jews and therefore a martyr.To show that William was a martyr, Thomas offers seven “proofs” that he was killed by theJews.The remainder of book two is dedicated to the fate of the Jew (Eleazar) accused of themurder and of the king’s sheriff (John) who had protected the Jews. The Jew was amoneylender and he was murdered by the men of a knight who owed him a large debt that hadcome due. The Jews of Norwich complained to the king, and Thomas describes the arguments onboth sides. What begins as an investigation of the murder of the Jew ends with the tables turnedand the bishop of Norwich defending the knight by accusing the Jews of the murder of Williamof Norwich. The proceedings were delayed and no decision was reached by the king: Thomassuggests that the Jews had bribed the king to ensure that he would protect them. Finally, booktwo concludes with the horrible death from disease of Sheriff John which Thomas regards asdivine vengeance for his protection of the Jews.I did not assign any sections from books three to seven of the Life and Passion. Thesecenter on the religious cult that developed around the tomb and shrine built for William atNorwich. There are numerous stories of miracles for those who venerated the boy as a saint, andThomas describes the development of the cult as the tomb was moved to a more prominent placein Norwich Cathedral. Although we are not reading these sections, it is important to rememberthat most of Thomas’ work is dedicated to promoting the cult of William as a martyr’s cult whichbrought prestige and revenue to Norwich Cathedral.ContextThe story of William of Norwich proved to be the first of many such stories that spread inChristian Europe in the Middle Ages. Earlier stories had portrayed Jews who killed their ownchildren, because they had participated in the Christian rite of the Holy Eucharist. That storypattern originated in the sixth century, but was adapted and included in many collections of talesin the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Thomas of Monmouth’s account, however, launched theseries of accusations against the Jews for supposedly killing Christian children, often ingruesome, ritualistic ways, and sometimes using their blood. There were several more examplesin England, including cases at Gloucester in 1168 and Bury St Edmunds in 1181. The mostcelebrated English case was that of Little St Hugh of Lincoln in 1255. Both sets of storiescontributed to the later charges of host desecration, which we will discuss next week, and theclose relationship between those allegations and Christian fears that the Jews posed a danger toChristian children.In medieval Europe, Christian kings were, paradoxically, protectors of the Jews andturned to the Jews for government financing and administrative tasks, as the short sections fromDavid Nirenberg’s Anti-Judaism explain. Struggles between monarchs and the nobility couldlead to attacks on the Jews, and the role of some Jews as moneylenders could be a source ofconflict. This particular story takes place during the reign of King Stephen of England (1135-1154) when the monarchy was weakened by civil war and conflicts with the nobles. In difficultcircumstances, Stephen sometimes had to depend on the income he could raise from the Jews.General Issues for Discussion ForumsI suggest two broad ways of reading the Life and Passion. First, you can consider this asa historical source. By that, I am not saying that Thomas’ accusations against the Jews haveany basis at all. Thomas must, however, write a story that contemporaries would findbelievable. While we may question all of his “facts” about the case, we can learn a lot aboutrelations between Christians and Jews, and how different sectors of Christian society (the king,his officials, nobles, clergy, townspeople) viewed the Jews and interacted with them by “readingbetween the lines”. It also provides us with a source through which we can see more closelysome of the social and political conflicts and ideas that were important in later allegations of hostdesecration which we will discuss next week.Second, the chapters I assigned can be read as a combination of a detective story andcourtroom drama. Like a crafty lawyer, Thomas of Monmouth sets out to prove two things:William of Norwich was a saintly martyr and his murder was the result of a conspiracy amongthe Jews of Norwich. Pay special attention to the typical elements of a legal inquiry: evidence,witnesses, arguments. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? How do they comparewith modern inquiries or trials? How do the Jews or their supporters present their case? How andwhy do different authorities (civil and religious) line up against or in support of the Jews? Whatrole is played in this case by the specific ideas (or prejudices) about the Jews that we have seen inother readings? Finally, we shouldn’t forget that an unsolved crime lies at the heart of this story.If you were watching this as a television show, you might be thinking about where the “twist”will take place: some small detail or seemingly innocent character which proves to be the key towhat really happened. Does Thomas’ account include information you can use to determine whokilled William? Are there elements of the story that raise questions about other characters?Outline and Study QuestionsPrologue: This is a very formal and rhetorical address to the reader, but pay particular attention tohow Thomas summarizes and outlines the structure of his book on pp. 6-7.Book One1.1-2: Thomas’ account of William’s birth and childhood is designed to support his argumentthat the boy should be considered a saint, and it includes stock descriptions of miracles and piouspractices.1.3-8: Read closely Thomas’ account of the murder and disposal of the body. What are hissources? What could he plausibly have found out? What are the Jews’ motives? Are their actionsplausible? Remember that Thomas is not only trying to prove the Jews’ guilt; he is alsodemonstrating William’s sanctity. What elements of the story seem crafted to achieve that?1.9-15: The description of the finding, burial, and identification of William’s body combinessupernatural events with plausible accounts. What do you consider believable? What leads to theaccusation that the Jews killed William?1.16-19: The final section includes Godwin’s accusations against the Jews at the bishop’s synodand the reburial of William in the monks’ cemetery. How does Thomas relate the claims that theboy was killed by Jews (martyred) with the effort to give him a burial worthy of a holy person?The charges against the Jews were not pursued and Thomas attributes this to the role of thesheriff and the power of the king. Can you find other reasons to explain why the effort toprosecute the Jews failed?Book Two2.1-2: Thomas begins book two by defending the sanctity of William against critics and sceptics.Clearly, Thomas has an interest in promoting the cult and veneration of William. How do hisarguments here (and in 2.8) in favor of William’s sanctity help you understand how he is shapingthe overall story to make the same points?2.3-7: The later books of the Life include the many, many “posthumous” miracles attributed toWilliam and credited to the devotion of those who venerated him as a saint. Here, Thomasdescribes a first set of miracles, laying a foundation for the cult. Are the miracles related in anyways to the specific accusations against the Jews?2.8-12: Here, Thomas makes his most explicit arguments for William’s sanctity and the Jews’guilt. How are the two sets of arguments related? Play the role of cross-examiner. What are thestrengths and weaknesses of Thomas’ “proofs” of the Jews’ guilt? To what extent do they restupon prejudices and preconceptions about the Jews? What do you think would have made these“proofs” more or less convincing for a Christian audience of Thomas’ own time?2.13-15: The trial that is described in greatest detail is not the original inquiry (1.16) intoWilliam’s death, but the trial of the alleged murderers of the Jew, Eleazar, who had been accusedof killing William. Do the arguments at this trial shed any new light on the killing of William andthe accusations against the Jews? Why or why not?
Get professional assignment help cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason may is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Our essay writers are graduates with diplomas, bachelor, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college diploma. When assigning your order, we match the paper subject with the area of specialization of the writer.
Why choose our academic writing service?
Plagiarism free papers
Timely delivery
Any deadline
Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
Subject-relevant academic writer
Adherence to paper instructions
Ability to tackle bulk assignments
Reasonable prices
24/7 Customer Support
Get superb grades consistently
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason may is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Our essay writers are graduates with diplomas, bachelor’s, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college diploma. When assigning your order, we match the paper subject with the area of specialization of the writer.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
Plagiarism free papers
Timely delivery
Any deadline
Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
Subject-relevant academic writer
Adherence to paper instructions
Ability to tackle bulk assignments
Reasonable prices
24/7 Customer Support
Get superb grades consistently
How It Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH Essay fount TODAY AND GET AN AMAZING DISCOUNT
The post discuss on thermochemistry appeared first on Essay fount.
What Students Are Saying About Us
.......... Customer ID: 12*** | Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐"Honestly, I was afraid to send my paper to you, but you proved you are a trustworthy service. My essay was done in less than a day, and I received a brilliant piece. I didn’t even believe it was my essay at first 🙂 Great job, thank you!"
.......... Customer ID: 11***| Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
"This company is the best there is. They saved me so many times, I cannot even keep count. Now I recommend it to all my friends, and none of them have complained about it. The writers here are excellent."
"Order a custom Paper on Similar Assignment at essayfount.com! No Plagiarism! Enjoy 20% Discount!"
