Strategies for reducing STDs

Question
1. Strategies for reducing STDs are controversial primarily because

a. some people deny that the pathogens are spread sexually.
b. scientists disagree about the way to prevent them.
c. of moral differences within society about the nature and purpose of sexuality.
d. most people cannot take responsibility for their sexual behavior.
e. All of the above
Textbook Reference: Introduction, p. 545

1. Which of the following statements about the AIDS epidemic and the earlier syphilis epidemic is false?
   a. They both spread from the continent of origin to other continents.
   b. People with both diseases were stigmatized.
   c. They both spurred public health campaigns.
   d. Both were initially associated with homosexuality.
   e. Neither had effective treatments at first.
   Textbook Reference: Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for Sexual License, pp. 545‒546

2. Which of the following statements about STDs is false?
   a. STDs were once called venereal diseases after Venus, the Roman goddess of love.
   b. In earlier centuries, people were thought to have brought STDs on themselves by engaging in sinful behavior.
   c. The original source of syphilis was in America.
   d. The epidemic of syphilis was spread by the Europeans who colonized America.
   e. AIDS and syphilis are similar in that both are caused by bacteria.
   Textbook Reference: Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for Sexual License, pp. 545‒546

3. In 1918, 1 in _______ Americans was infected with syphilis.
   a. 2
   b. 12
   c. 22
   d. 32
   e. 42
   Textbook Reference: Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for Sexual License, p. 546

4. Which of the following statements about STDs in the United States is true?
   a. Nineteen million new infections occur every year.
   b. The U.S. has higher rates of curable STDs than other developing countries do.
   c. The highest rates of STDs are among people aged 25‒40.
   d. Both a and b
   e. All of the above
   Textbook Reference: STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States, pp. 546‒547

5. An STD’s incidence refers to _______; its prevalence refers to _______.
   a. the number of people currently infected; the number of new cases per year
   b. the number of new cases per year; the number of people currently infected
   c. the number of new cases per year; the number of living people who have ever been infected
   d. the number of living people who have ever been infected; the number of people currently infected
   e. the number of living people who have ever been infected; the number of new cases per year.
   Textbook Reference: STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States, pp. 546‒547

6. Which of the following probabilities is the highest?
   a. The chance that a white male has HIV.
   b. The chance that a white male has gonorrhea.
   c. The chance that an African-American man has HIV.
   d. The chance that an African-American woman has HIV.
   e. The chance that an African-American woman has gonorrhea.
   Textbook Reference: STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States, p. 547

7. Which of the following statements about pubic lice is false?
   a. They are responsible for the spread of dangerous blood-borne diseases.
   b. They cause itching.
   c. They cause scratching.
   d. They can spread to other people.
   e. They can spread to other parts of the body.
   Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, pp. 547‒549

8. Pubic lice produce _______, which are glued onto the base of hairs.
   a. nodules
   b. nits
   c. gnats
   d. scabies
   e. larvae
   Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, pp. 547‒549

9. The symptom of pubic lice is
   a. nausea.
   b. urethral discharge.
   c. itching.
   d. a chancre.
   e. loss of appetite.
   Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, pp. 547‒549

10. Which of the following infections is not caused by an insect or mite?
    a. Scabies
    b. Pubic lice
    c. Head lice
    d. Genital warts
    e. All of the above are caused by insects or mites.
    Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, p. 548

11. _______ is an infestation of parasitic mites that dig tunnels within layers of skin and lay eggs.
    a. Trichomoniasis
    b. Pubic lice
    c. Scabies
    d. Herpes
    e. Genital warts
    Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, pp. 549‒550

12. A woman notices a bad smelling discharge in her vagina, but her husband has no symptoms. Her symptoms are most likely caused by
    a. genital herpes.
    b. gonorrhea.
    c. syphilis.
    d. trichomoniasis.
    e. scabies.
    Textbook Reference: Trichomoniasis Is Caused by a Protozoan, p. 550

13. Trichomoniasis can be cured with a single dose of
    a. metronidazole.
    b. penicillin.
    c. doxycycline.
    d. acyclovir.
    e. aspirin.
    Textbook Reference: Trichomoniasis Is Caused by a Protozoan, p. 550

14. Which of the following statements about bacterial STDs is false?
    a. They can be fatal.
    b. They can impair fertility.
    c. They can facilitate HIV infection.
    d. They cannot be treated with antiviral drugs.
    e. They cannot be treated with antibiotic drugs.
    Textbook Reference: Bacterial STDs Can Usually Be Treated with Antibiotics, p. 551

15. In the _______ stage of syphilis, a genital sore is always present, exuding fluids and huge numbers of spirochetes.
    a. primary
    b. secondary
    c. tertiary
    d. Both a and b
    e. Both b and c
    Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 551

16. During the _______ phase of syphilis, an infected person is no longer infectious to sex partners.
    a. rash
    b. primary
    c. tertiary
    d. latent
    e. blister
    Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 552

17. Tertiary syphilis
    a. eventually develops in most people with syphilis.
    b. is associated with organ damage.
    c. eventually develops in a minority of people with syphilis.
    d. Both a and b
    e. Both b and c
    Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 551

18. The first sign of infection with syphilis is
    a. a chancre.
    b. urethral discharge.
    c. pus in urine.
    d. severe itching.
    e. a rash on the hands and feet.
    Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 551

19. Syphilis is caused by infection with
    a. Sarcoptes scabiei.
    b. Trichomonas vaginalis.
    c. Treponema pallidum.
    d. herpes.
    e. HIV.

Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 551

1. Syphilis can be cured with
   a. HAART.
   b. RID.
   c. Flagyl.
   d. penicillin.
   e. metronidazole.
   Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 552

2. The main U.S. outbreaks of syphilis occur in
   a. the south, among heterosexual African-Americans.
   b. large cities, among gay men.
   c. prisons.
   d. Both a and c
   e. All of the above
   Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 552

3. Most cases of syphilis in the United States today occur in
   a. Desert Storm vets.
   b. southern African-Americans.
   c. college students in the northeast.
   d. evangelical Christians.
   e. illegal immigrants.
   Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 552

4. Today, about 13% of all new syphilis cases occur in
   a. New York.
   b. Los Angeles.
   c. San Francisco.
   d. prisons.
   e. colleges.
   Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 552

5. The Tuskegee syphilis study has been a symbol of unethical research because the researchers
   a. injected African-American men with the disease.
   b. exposed African-American men to infected prostitutes in order to infect them.
   c. failed to treat infected African-American men even after effective treatments were available.
   d. encouraged infected African-American men to have unprotected sex with their partners.
   e. failed to tell infected African-American men that they had syphilis.
   Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, pp. 552‒553

6. In comparisons of the histories of syphilis and AIDS, which of the following is false? a. Both were imported from another continent. b. Both spread rapidly through the population. c. In both, initially there was a lack of any effective treatment. d. Those affected were stigmatized. e. Both diseases initially affected the poor.

General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for Sexual License, pp. 545–546

1. Persons with genital herpes are most infectious during the period from the time _______ until _______. a. sores are dry and crusted over; anticipatory signs appear b. blisters appear; anticipatory signs appear c. of first symptoms; sores are dry and crusted over d. blisters heal; sores are dry and crusted over e. None of the above; persons with genital herpes are always highly infectious.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Genital Herpes Is a Lifelong but Not Life-Threatening Infection, p. 559

2. Mia sees her doctor for an outbreak of genital herpes. It is likely her doctor will prescribe her a. acyclovir. b. azidothymidine. c. antiretroviral therapy. d. antibiotics. e. metronidazole.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Genital Herpes Is a Lifelong but Not Life-Threatening Infection, p. 560

3. Human papillomaviruses 16 and 18 cause a. genital warts. b. fever blisters. c. cervical cancer. d. jaundice. e. AIDS.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Human Papillomaviruses Can Cause Genital Warts—and Cancer, p. 561

4. One of the criticisms of Gardasil has been that a. it requires sexual activity to become effective. b. the duration of protection is currently unknown. c. it can weaken the immune system. d. the HPV types it protects against are not the most important ones in the United States. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Human Papillomaviruses Can Cause Genital Warts—and Cancer, p. 562

5. Hepatitis B is a(n) _______ virus that attacks the _______ and is easily transmitted through sex. a. RNA; liver b. DNA; immune system c. RNA; immune system d. DNA; liver e. DNA; cervix
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Hepatitis Viruses Can Be Sexually Transmitted, pp. 562–563

6. Twinrix is a vaccine against hepatitis a. A. b. A, B, C, D, and E. c. A and B. d. C. e. A, B, and C.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Hepatitis Viruses Can Be Sexually Transmitted, p. 563

7. _______may contain enough HIV to be of concern as a source of infection. a. Tears b. Vaginal fluid c. Semen d. Saliva e. Both b and c
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, p. 564

8. Who is at the greatest risk of HIV infection by sexual contact with a HIV-positive partner? a. A person assuming the “insertee” role in anal sex b. A person deep kissing his/her partner c. A person performing oral sex on his/her partner d. A man assuming the inserter role in anal sex e. A woman engaged in sex with a woman
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pp. 564–568

9. In Africa, the death toll due to AIDS is related primarily to a. political instability and civil wars. b. the difficulty of a continent-wide campaign in discrete small nations. c. poverty. d. the oppression of women. e. the unavailability of condoms.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, p. 565

10. HIV contains _______, which in the host cell is _______. a. DNA; inserted into the cell’s genome b. DNA; reverse transcribed c. RNA; inserted into the cell’s genome d. RNA; reverse transcribed e. DNA; transcribed into RNA
    General Feedback: Textbook Reference: AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, p. 566

11. During the asymptomatic period of HIV infection, _______; the initial appearance of AIDS is often associated with _______. a. CD4 cell counts drop; opportunistic infections b. CD4 cell counts do not change much; opportunistic infections c. CD4 cell counts increase; opportunistic infections d. viral loads do not change; sudden weight loss e. viral loads decrease; sudden wasting

General Feedback: Textbook Reference: AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pp. 568–569

1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis is a drug regime a. that has some effect in countering cases where recent exposure to HIV has been discovered. b. that acts as a vaccine against HIV. c. used to introduce a vaginal microbe that could inactivate HIV at the point of transmission. d. currently being tested for at-risk HIV-negative individuals to lower their chances of becoming infected. e. None of the above
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, p. 570

2. A combination mass media appeal and condom distribution program in Thailand has resulted in a _______ in condom use and _______ in STDs among men. a. 20% increase; 20% decrease b. 50% decrease; 10% increase c. threefold increase; 10% increase d. fivefold decrease; 50% decrease e. sixfold increase; 85% decrease
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: There Are Several Ways to Reduce the Likelihood of STD Transmission, p. 573

3. Cold sores are to the mouth what a. genital warts are to HPV. b. PID is to gonorrhea. c. cervical cancer is to HPV. d. PID is to chlamydia. e. herpes is to the genitals.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Genital Herpes Is a Lifelong but Not Life-Threatening Infection, p. 558

4. A single virus particle consists of _______ surrounded by a _______. a. enzymes; capsid b. genetic material; capsid c. enzymes; flagellum d. nucleic acids; flagellum e. a nucleus; cell membrane
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Viral STDs Can Be Dangerous and Hard to Treat, p. 557

5. Which of the following is not a reportable STD? a. Syphilis b. Gonorrhea c. Chlamydia d. Herpes e. HIV/AIDS
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States, p. 546

6. The estimated prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the United States is approximately a. 100,000 b. 200,000 c. 500,000 d. 750,000 e. 1,000,000
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States, p. 547

7. The organisms known as “crabs” that may infest the pubic region are actually a species of a. protozoan. b. flea. c. louse. d. bacteria. e. crustacean.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, p. 549

8. A sexually transmitted condition caused by a type of arachnid is a. scabies. b. trichomoniasis. c. molluscum contagiousum. d. crabs. e. syphilis.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Lice and Mites Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger, p. 549

9. In men, T. vaginalis infection is usually a. painful. b. asymptomatic. c. itchy. d. mildly symptomatic. e. irritating.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Trichomoniasis Is Caused by a Protozoan, p. 551

10. The causative agent in syphilis is a(n) a. viral particle. b. virus. c. insect. d. prion. e. spirochete.
    General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 551

11. The first sign of syphilis is a _______ at the point of infection, followed soon thereafter by _______. a. rash; a chancre b. chancre; a rash c. rash; swollen lymph nodes d. swollen lymph node; a rash e. ulceration in organ systems; mental illness
    General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, pp. 551–552

12. Charles goes to see his doctor for a funny-looking kind of wet sore at the base of his penis. It’s not painful or itchy, but he thought he should get it checked out any way. Based on what you have read in the textbook, it is likely Charles will be treated with a. acyclovir. b. penicillin. c. nothing; the infection will eventually leave the body spontaneously. d. insecticides. e. antiretroviral therapy.

General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, pp. 551–552

1. _______% of all new cases of syphilis are reported in prison. a. 6 b. 13 c. 27 d. 39 e. 48
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Syphilis Is Down but Not Out, p. 552

2. Gonorrhea is symptomatic about _______ after infection; it can be difficult to treat because of _______. a. 2–10 days; drug resistance b. 3–6 weeks; drug resistance c. 2–20 days; poor treatment compliance d. 3–6 weeks; poor treatment compliance e. up to a year; lack of symptoms
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Gonorrhea Can Lead to Infertility, pp. 552–554

3. Which of the following is the most common reportable infectious disease? a. HIV b. Herpes c. Chlamydia d. Hepatitis e. None of the above; the most common reportable infectious disease is not sexually transmitted.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Chlamydia Causes a Common Infection with Serious Complications, p. 555

4. _______ is a serious complication of both _______ and chlamydia that commonly causes infertility. a. Wet sores; HIV b. Pelvic inflammatory disease; HIV c. Wet sores; scabies d. Pelvic inflammatory disease; gonorrhea e. Infertility; herpes General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Chlamydia Causes a Common Infection with Serious Complications, p. 555

5. Bacterial vaginosis is most common among sexually active a. African-American women. b. men and women who have had multiple partners. c. gay men. d. women with multiple partners. e. educated women.
   General Feedback: Textbook Reference: The Status of Bacterial Vaginosis as an STD Is Uncertain, p. 556

6. Which of the following is not considered to be a high-risk sexual act? a. Fellatio b. Anal sex c. Coitus d. Anilingus e. All of the above are high risk.

General Feedback: Textbook Reference: There Are Several Ways to Reduce the Likelihood of STD Transmission, p. 574

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