Pages:
6 pages (1650 words) Double spaced
Type of paper:
Essay (any type) Undergraduate (yrs. 1-2)
Discipline:
Criminal Justice
Title:
Crime Analysis Products
Sources to be cited:
4
Paper format:
APA
Paper instructions:
After reading Chapter 7 in the textbook, write an essay of 1,375-2,000 words explaining the types of crime analysis products created for Operational, Management, and Command personnel.
Contrast the different types of information and activities needed to create the product.
What are the key differences between the products?
How would each one of these stakeholders use the product?
Be sure to cite three to five relevant scholarly sources in support of your content. Use only sources found at the GCU Library, government websites, or those provided in Topic Materials.
182 Part II | Crime Analysis Process, Data, and Purpose Exercise 3 Identify two interactive web mapping sites that map crime, and compare and contrast how the data are presented and how easy they are to use. Point out three strengths and weaknesses of each site.NOTES 1. The maps presented in this chapter are not “final” maps—that is, they are not complete maps that would be suitable for distribution to particular audiences. Rather, these maps are intended only to illustrate particular types of maps or techniques.2. Graduated color and graduated size cannot both be displayed using the same points on a map. For example, if two robberies occurred at one location, the point for that location would be larger in size than the points where only single robberies occurred. One cannot then shade that point to show, for example, that two different types of weapons were used in the robberies (one a gun and the other a knife).FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. 183CHAPTERAs discussed in Chapter 3, stratified policing creates a structure in which different types of crime analysis products are stratified by problem type and rank. This is vital because with the wealth of data and information that can be provided, crime analysis must be focused and prioritized so that police personnel aren’t overwhelmed and are provided crime analysis results that are relevant to the problem at hand, their daily activities, and their job responsibilities. Therefore, before we cover the specific data, methodology, and techniques of the specific types of crime analysis (i.e., tactical, strategic, and administrative), this chapter discusses how the results of crime analysis processes differ by type of problem, purpose, and audience in order to provide an overview of the many different uses of crime analysis by police. A typology of crime analysis results is presented in this chapter, and at the end, practical examples are used to illustrate how these results are used in a variety of contexts. Subsequently, the rest of the book covers the specific data, methodology, and techniques that are used by crime analysts to produce the various results for tactical, strategic, and administrative crime analysis.Crime Analysis PurposeTo review from Chapter 3, problems can be categorized by their temporal nature and complexity. That is, simpler problems, such as isolated incidents, are typically manifested over a very short period of time, whereas more complex problems, such as problem locations, develop over a longer period of time. In this book, they are broken down into these categories: (1) immediate problems, (2) short-term problems, and (3) long-term problems. Within each problem category, crime analysis results are created to be used for different purposes by different audiences. This first section presents a discussion of the two distinct purposes of results produced through crime analysis—to facilitate situational awareness and to guide crime reduction strategies. The section following discusses the different types of audiences.Situational AwarenessIn the policing context, situational awareness is the development of a perception of the environment in which an officer works, no matter the rank. To fulfill this purpose, crime analysts produce “information” for police personnel about crime and other activity to provide context about when and where these personnel work on a day-to-day basis. Information refers to knowledge that is communicated about a particular fact or circumstance, and crime analysis information results simply provide details about individual 7Crime Analysis Purpose and AudienceFOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. 184 Part II | Crime Analysis Process, Data, and Purposeincidents (e.g., crime, calls for service, arrests, traffic crashes) or aggregate counts of incidents by different time periods (e.g., 1 week or month for short-term problems; 1 or 5 years for long-term problems). For example, crime analysis information results include a list of calls at an address over several days, a list or map of all offenders on parole living in a particular area, or the counts of crime by geographic areas over a year.Importantly, crime analysis information results are created to simply report facts but do not present conclusions about what the facts mean, how they are related to other issues, or why they are occurring. Thus, information results do not guide or lead to specific police responses but are examined by personnel who must make conclusions for action themselves. For example, crime analysis information results depicted in a map and a list of current prisoner releases is provided to a robbery detective looking for suspects for a particular robbery he or she is investigating. The list contains all prisoner releases, so the detective must examine the information and identify a specific parolee who might have committed the robbery after looking at the parolee’s crimes, location of residence, and physical description, among other things. Consequently, the list of prisoner releases simply relays facts about all the parolees that the detective then has to conduct analysis on while making conclusions to identify a potential lead from the list.Crime ReductionThe second purpose of crime analysis results is to assist police with their crime reduction efforts, which means that crime analysis results are created with the intention of guiding police in implementing specific strategies for crime reduction. To create crime analysis results for this purpose, essential characteristics of factual information are examined (i.e., analyzed) by the crime analyst, and conclusions are made about the relationships that exist among the facts. In the police context, crime reduction analysis results distinguish and prioritize the elements of the information that have been examined and determine whether potential relationships exist with the purpose of directing police crime reduction strategies. Thus, these results are “action oriented” in that examination is not required by police personnel, but the results themselves lead police to a range of possible strategies that can be implemented. For example, six recent residential burglaries have been linked together by an analyst because entry in each case was made through the rear slider within a two-block area, during the day. These results are used to direct officers to patrol and make field contacts in the pattern area, to disperse crime prevention flyers to residents in the two-block area, and to dispatch undercover crime suppression units in that area during the time of the pattern.Contrasting the Purposes of Crime Analysis ResultsAlthough it may appear that situational awareness and crime reduction crime analysis results are similar because the data on which they are based are the same, the important differentiation is the process by which they are developed. That is, FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 185results for situational awareness typically require a simple search of a database, and the creation of a list or a map. The results for guiding crime reduction require the identification of relationships among the different facts by an analyst. Importantly, the systematic use of both types of results is important for police agencies to be effective in crime reduction. Officers, sergeants, managers, and commanders need information to help them understand the environment in which they work as well as analysis results to prioritize and direct specific crime reduction strategies. The following are several more examples of crime analysis results created for situational awareness and crime reduction to highlight their differences:Situational Awareness Analysis Results••List or map of all juveniles currently on probation in the jurisdiction••List of all calls for service at a particular address over several months••List of all burglaries occurring in a beat over 1 week••Counts of all crime by crime type for the past 6 months••Map of areas with the most Part I crime over 2 yearsCrime Reduction Analysis Results••A list or map of the 10 most serious violent juvenile offenders on probation••A list of addresses with five or more false burglar alarm calls for service in the last 3 months••Six convenience store robberies thought to be committed by the same suspect••Ten apartment complexes that have the highest number of loud parties, fights, or public intoxication over 6 months••A map showing areas in which a specific type of crime has increased or decreased before and after a particular police strategy was implementedImportantly, results for these two purposes are typically created and published somewhat differently by crime analysts. Although this is not an exclusive difference, information produced for situational awareness is typically automated, and the results illustrate exhaustive lists of what is contained in the data (e.g., all prison releases, counts of all UCR Part I crime). This is oftentimes why information results can be and are produced by agencies without crime analysts or by personnel not designated by analysts. On the other hand, analysis produced for crime reduction is typically created by analysts who, through a systematic process, exclude extraneous information as well as 186 Part II | Crime Analysis Process, Data, and Purposeunnecessary details, make conclusions, and create a product in a specific format, containing specific information. Albeit, some analysis results for crime reduction can be automated. In these cases, the important analytical decisions are made before automation so that the output is an analytical product (i.e., provides conclusions, not simply facts). The product ensures the results have been prioritized to guide police strategies.INTERNATIONAL CRIME ANALYST PERSPECTIVECredit to:Mattis MichaelsenLaw Enforcement AnalystOslo Police DistrictOslo, NorwayAs part of the knowledge base necessary for drawing new boundaries between station areas in the Oslo Police District, the CAU was tasked with analyzing the distribution of calls for service (CFS). We illustrated the concentration of over 27,000 calls for service in 2015 in the downtown area of Oslo, using kernel density mapping. These were calls that were assigned either of the three highest priority levels in the system. By coupling the distribution map with knowledge of call types, CFS became available to command as decision support by corroborating new city center boundaries based on the concentration of crime types (the solid line area in the center of the map). The dotted lines show the old boundaries; note that one of them cuts through the middle of the CFS hot spot.FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 187Crime Analysis AudiencesWhen distinguishing the purpose of crime analysis results, another important consideration is differentiating the intended audience since different audiences require different types of analysis. This chapter focuses on crime analysis results that are relevant for internal police personnel using tactical and strategic crime analysis to implement and evaluate crime reduction strategies. Audiences within a police agency require different types of analysis for situational awareness and crime reduction. The easiest way to categorize what is useful is to think both about the job responsibilities of the people for whom the results are being created and the temporal nature of the activity (i.e., problem complexity) they are tasked with addressing.Figure 7.1 illustrates the general relationship of responsibility to the temporal nature of activity; notice that it is similar to the stratified-policing figure in Chapter 3. Although there is overlap of responsibility among personnel in a police agency, lower-ranking personnel primarily deal with activity of smaller scale in the shorter term, and higher-ranking personnel (i.e., those with more responsibility) deal with activity on a larger scale in the longer term. That is, line-level officers and first-line supervisors require crime analysis results that address immediate and short-term concerns, such as responses to calls for service and recent crime patterns, while managers and commanders (i.e., lieutenants and above) require information addressing short-term and long-term activity.For example, information results that facilitate situational awareness for line-level officers are likely to focus on individual incidents and may include lists of sex offenders, recently released prisoners, and lists of calls at individual addresses. In contrast, information results for police managers and commanders are likely to focus on aggregate information, such as the overall counts of crimes by type and patrol area (e.g., district or beat). Similarly, crime reduction results that facilitate responses from officers and sergeants are likely to address immediate activity and may include patterns of crime occurring in an area in the past few days or week, whereas managers’ and commanders’ crime reduction results are likely to address more long-term activity, such as whether crimes are increasing or decreasing over time or an examination of parks, bars, or hotels where a disproportionate amount of activity is happening, so that long-term solutions can be initiated.In this chapter, three types of internal police audiences are categorized by their job responsibilities within the organization. Different-sized agencies assign responsibilities to ranks in different ways. Thus, the general terms and examples of what ranks are included in each are as follows:1. Operational personnel refers to line-level officers (e.g., officers, corporals) and first-line supervisors (e.g., , Data, and Purpose2. Management personnel refers to midlevel police managers, such as lieutenants and in some cases captains.3. Command personnel refers to those who serve as the leadership of the police organization, such as the chief or sheriff, deputy chiefs, majors, and in some cases captains.Crime Analysis TypologyBy breaking down potential crime analysis results by (1) category of problem, (2) purpose of crime analysis, and (3) types of internal police audience, a crime analysis typology emerges that allows us to classify crime analysis results and helps us apply crime analysis in a practical environment. Figure 7.2 is an illustration of the typology. Based on the typology, the following two sections provide simple, but realistic, examples for each of the classifications in the typology. Note that there are many different analyses that can be conducted that produce results in each classification within the typology as well as many different styles and formats that might be used by crime analysts. Although examples may overlap categories (e.g., the same results may be useful for different audiences), the intent here is to show at least one example in each category to provide the student further understanding of the how results are produced for different problems, purposes, and audiences.CommanderImmediateShort-TermTemporal Nature (Complexity)of the Problem AddressedLong-TermLine-LevelOfficerLevel of ResponsibilityFigure 7.1 Relationship Between Responsibility and Problem ComplexitySource: Adapted from Taylor and Boba (2011).FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 189Situational Awareness ExamplesThis section illustrates situational awareness examples for immediate problems, short-term problems, and long-term problems for each of the internal police audience types—operational, management, and command. For each example, there is a description of the crime analysis results that are shown in each figure and a discussion of their potential use.ImmediateTo review from Chapter 3, problems considered “immediate” are isolated incidents that occur and are resolved within minutes, hours, or in some cases, days. They are responded to by patrol officers and detectives who use investigative skills learned in basic police training and more intensive investigative training.Operational Description: Table 7.1 is a list of calls for service produced on June 15, 2017, that occurred at one residential address in the previous 2 weeks (e.g., June 1, 2017, through June 14, 2017).Potential Use: Patrol officers might review this information before they respond to a new call for service at this address to make them aware of the previous contact with the police the residents have had (e.g., previous crime reports, arrests, etc.).Management Description: Table 7.2 is a table that depicts an aggregate count of arrests that have occurred for each shift by district (e.g., days, evenings, midnights) in the previous 2 days.Potential Use: Patrol or criminal investigations managers might review this information to get a sense of shift productivity.OperationalManagementCommandOperationalManagementCommandOperationalManagementCommandOperationalManagementCommandOperationalManagementCommandOperationalManagementCommandImmediate Short-Term Long-TermImmediate Short-Term Long-Term Situational Awareness Crime ReductionPurposeProblem ActivityAudience Type , Data, and PurposeCommand Description: Table 7.3 is a list of all commercial robberies that occurred over the last 24 hours (from May 2, 2017, 9:00 a.m. to May 3, 2017, 9:00 a.m.), with the suspect description and a brief summary of each case.Potential Use: The chief and command staff might review this information to be aware of these serious gun crimes, as well as to be prepared for any questions about the cases that might come from the media or business associations.Short-TermTo review from Chapter 3, short-term problems are repeat incidents and patterns. A repeat incident is a cluster of two or more incidents that are similar in nature and have happened at the same place (typically) or to the same Incident No.Call DateDayTimeCall TypeDisposition20170132946/1/2017Wed2102Loud noiseNo action taken20171415246/5/2017Sun2012DisturbanceGone on arrival20171425096/6/2017Mon1954Domestic disturbanceUnable to locate20171426406/6/2017Mon2325Domestic disturbanceArrest20171426766/9/2017Thu1406Barking dogNo action taken20171428786/10/2017Fri2205Criminal trespassReport20171432756/11/2017Sat0321Domestic disturbanceArrest20171434966/13/2017Mon1604BurglaryReport20171441696/14/2017Tue1855Parking violationNo action takenTable 7.1 Calls for Service at 345 S Apple StShiftDistrict 1 ArrestsDistrict 2 ArrestsDistrict 3 ArrestsTotalDay shift2 6 715Evening shift010 717Midnight shift614 222Total8301654Table 7.2 Arrests by District Per Shift 191Case #Report DateTimeLocationBusiness NameSuspect InformationShort Description201701325/2/20171800470 Lake RdCell Phones R UsBlack male, 22 years old, 200 pounds, 5’11”Suspect entered business, pretended to be a customer, displayed a blue steel revolver, and demanded property.201714255/2/201722002801 N Fithutt AveHarry’s Food StoreHispanic or Black male with shirt over his face, 20–30 years old, 180 poundsSuspect entered business, displayed a handgun, and demanded property.201714265/2/20172315772 Farragut LnSubs and MoreWhite male, 40 years old, 220 pounds, 6’Suspect entered, exited, and returned. Suspect went to restroom, exited, attempted to get drink, waited in line, displayed black semiautomatic, and demanded property.201714265/3/2017001512516 E North AveExgo Gas StationWhite male, wearing a hoodie, 18 years old, 150 pounds, 5’6”Suspect entered business, asked if clerk was alone, displayed handgun, and demanded property.201714415/3/201701301959 N State StQuick MartAsian male, beard, 18–25 years old, 160 pounds, 5’10”Suspect entered business, made purchase, got second item, took to counter, produced handgun, and demanded property. Table 7.3 Commercial Robberies, Previous 24 HoursFOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. , Data, and Purposeperson and are (usually) common. Noncriminal or interpersonal criminal incidents may, but do not always, result in a crime report. Patterns are groups of two or more crimes reported to or discovered by police that are treated as one unit of analysis because they share one or more key commonalities that make them notable and distinct; there is no known relationship between victim and offender, and the criminal activity is typically of limited duration (IACA, 2011b).Operational Description: Figure 7.3 is a map depicting density and single symbols for car prowls (theft from vehicle) over 4 weeks and single symbols for offenders living nearby in 2015.Potential Use: Provides officers and sergeants information about where thefts from vehicles are occurring over 4 weeks in the southwest precinct as well as whether offenders live nearby. The density shading and the single symbols for the crimes represent the same crime data. The map is only descriptive as it does not provide conclusions that lead to specific crime reduction strategies; it only provides a general overview of where the thefts from vehicles are occurring. Additional analysis would be required to guide any specific crime reduction strategies.Management Description: Table 7.4 is a chart depicting counts of types of calls for service in the most recent month compared to the previous month for one district.Potential Use: Managers can use this to compare number of calls by type in their district and to determine recent changes in calls for service for their own district. However, these results do not provide conclusions that lead to specific crime reduction strategies; they only provide an overview of general aggregated data.Command Description: Table 7.4 depicts counts of selected Part I crime types for two districts for the most recent month compared to the previous month and the percentage change.Potential Use: Commanders can use this to determine changes from one month to the next and to compare districts. However, these results do not provide conclusions that lead to specific crime reduction strategies; they only provide an overview of general aggregated data.Long-TermTo review from Chapter 3, a long-term problem is a set of related activity that occurs over several months, seasons, or years that stems from systematic opportunities created by everyday behavior and environment. Problems can consist of common disorder activity (e.g., loud parties or speeding in residential neighborhoods) as well as serious criminal activity (e.g., bank robbery or date rape). pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 193Figure 7.3 Four Weeks of Car Prowls in Seattle, Washington— 2015: Southwest PrecinctSource: Seattle (Washington) Police Department, Detective Dan Benz.Operational Description: Figure 7.5 is a map depicting the city of Gainesville, Florida, with equal grids, graduated by color to indicate 2010 crime counts for the entire city for the last year.Potential Use: This alerts officers to the areas of the city that have the most crime over a long period of time. However, the map does not indicate the , Data, and Purpose572454485566149245125289254263439474874121134168266288050100150200250300Narcotics activityDog barkingSuspicious personNeighbor disputeLoud partySuspicious vehicleWelfare checkLoud noise911 hang-upBurglary alarmShopliftingNumber of Calls for ServiceJulyAugustFigure 7.4 Two Months of Calls-for-Service Comparison: District 4Eastern DistrictSouthern DistrictJan.Feb.DifferencePercentage of ChangeJan.Feb.DifferencePercentage of ChangeHomicide000NC*10-1-100%Rape35267%73-4-57%Robbery2635935%5650-6-11%Aggravated assault7566-9-12%1251744939%Burglary1541903623%201175-26-13%Larceny2542883413%341325-16-5%Auto theft1671882113%154122-32-21%Arson022NC*000NC*Total6797749514%885849-36-4%Table 7.4 Counts and Percentage of Change: Part I Crime Types*NC = Not calculableFOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 195reason why these areas have the most crime or does it distinguish what types of Part I crimes are occurring where.Management Description: Figure 7.6 is a line chart of the aggregate counts of residential burglary crime for each month for the last year for one region in the city.Potential Use: It provides managers information about increases or decreases in residential burglary in their region for 1 year.Command Description: Figure 7.7 is a map that compares counties in California by their rates of unsolved homicides over 20 years.Potential Use: Command personnel, particularly those in county-level agencies, would review this map to compare their own levels of unsolved homicides to those of other counties in the state. Note that the map depicts the rate per unit of population, which helps to compare across counties of different populations.Crime Reduction ExamplesThis section illustrates crime reduction examples. For each example, there is a description of the crime analysis results and a discussion of their potential use. Note that the rest of the book goes into detail about the analytical methodology and techniques needed to produce these results.Figure 7.5 Part I Crime in Gainesville, Florida—2010Source: Gainesville (Florida) Police Department, Dr. Shefali Tripathi.FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. s, Data, and Purpose174134101125152187150105121147175020406080100120140160180200JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovNumber of Residential Burglary ReportsFigure 7.6 Western Region: Residential Burglary by MonthImmediateOperational Description: Table 7.5 is a list of only four burglary offenders who have recently been released from jail and live in a three-block area where there have been reports of several residential burglaries that appear to be related.Potential Use: Officers and detectives might use this list to contact these burglars during their workday to determine if they might be responsible for the burglaries that have been occurring since they are known offenders who have been recently released and might be committing crime again. As discussed in Chapter 2, research shows that offenders commit crime near where they live, so it makes sense for detectives to start their search for suspects with these individuals.Management Description: Table 7.6 is a short report that is either disseminated or read to patrol officers during their daily roll call. It contains brief descriptions of analytical results from the previous day and week as well as direction for responses based on analysis that officers will conduct during their uncommitted patrol time, which is the time officers have for proactive activity between dispatched calls for service and writing reports.Potential Use: This is a report that would be used by a variety of personnel. Managers help develop the report and use it to inform officers and sergeants about current short-term activity and long-term problems that are being FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 197Figure 7.7 California Unsolved Homicides, 1987–2006Source: San Diego (California) District Attorney’s Office, Julie Wartell.addressed; it directs their proactive crime reduction responses. It can also be used by managers to hold their subordinates accountable (i.e., “Did you conduct the response outlined in the May 12th report, and if so, what did you do?”).Command Description: Table 7.7 is an excerpt from a list of selected crimes that have occurred in a jurisdiction in the previous 1 to 3 days. This is an example of FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. s, Data, and Purposea report in which the analytical decision comes before the product is created and could also be automated. The types of crimes included in the report are those that were selected by the chief and command staff when the report was initially developed because they are a priority for the agency. Instead of waiting to hear about the crimes through a police report, this report provides information on a daily basis so that the agency leaders can take action or ensure responses are being implemented immediately. Some examples of crime types that are typically selected for such a report include homicides, attempted homicides, home invasion robberies, shootings, serious, violent gang-related incidents, hate crimes, damage to city property, crimes involving city officials, and stranger-on-stranger gun crime such as armed robbery, violent sex crimes, abductions, and serious aggravated battery. The types selected are often different in different police departments since they have contrasting amounts and types of crime as well as distinct priorities for crime reduction.Potential Use: The chief and command staff would discuss the list in each command briefing to ensure that crimes deemed a high priority are investigated thoroughly.Short-TermOperational Description: Table 7.8 is a report that identifies addresses with more than a certain level of disorder type of activity within one police precinct. This report is generated by selecting those addresses with three or more types of disorder calls for service (e.g., disturbance, loud noise, loitering, etc.) that occurred within 3 weeks. This example only shows three addresses, but there are likely more addresses that had at least three disorder calls. This is a report that can be automated because the analytical decisions are made before the report is created. That is, the agency has decided it wants to respond to addresses that have short–term disorder problems. Because the agency has to prioritize its response based on resources, in this example it has decided to only respond to addresses that have had three or more calls in 4 weeks. Another agency with more resources might lower the threshold to two calls, or one with even fewer resources might increase it to five calls for service so that fewer addresses are on the report.NameDate of BirthCurrent AddressRace/SexConvictionsJones, Mark4/21/1986156 E Main StWhite/MaleBurglary, shoplifting, grand theftSmith, John7/17/1991129 E Main StBlack/MaleBurglary, theftHarold, Jason8/1/1984403 S Grand AveHispanic/MaleBurglary, vandalism, robberySamuels, Denis2/15/1988470 S Grand AveWhite/MaleBurglary, auto theft, grand theftTable 7.5 Released Burglary Offenders Living in a Pattern AreaFOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. 199District 1: Saturday, May 12, 2017Crime PatternsAnalysis ResponsePattern #: 2017-089Seven residential burglaries occurred in Beat 14 during the day over the last week; entry was made through the rear slider. Cash, jewelry, and small items were taken. No suspects.Increase proactive patrols in Beat 14; conduct checks on suspicious subjects; continue to conduct thorough canvases on all burglary investigations and complete the security survey.Pattern #: 2017-092B Four street robberies have occurred in the Westwood area in the midmorning hours over the last several weeks. Two white males on foot approach victims from behind in a retail or apartment parking lot, threaten them with a weapon (or simulated weapon) and demand money and other possessions. Victims are primarily women.Increase proactive patrols in Westwood area and in retail and apartment parking lots; make contact with business owners and apartment managers about pattern and crime prevention advice (see flyer developed by the CrimePrevention Unit for this pattern).Problem Locations Analysis Response Jay’s Truck Stop: 1654 E Highway 176 Citizens have reported day laborers hanging around the truck stop causing disorder and traffic problems along Highway 176. Officers have also reported prostitution and drug activity. Several weeks ago, Captain Smith (District 1) initiated contact with the truck stop’s management to develop long-term solutions for this problem. However, because the activity has increased in recent weeks, officers are to patrol in the area, look for suspicious behavior, and give trespass citations (not warnings) to those individuals not on the property for business with the truck stop.Table 7.6 Daily Roll Call Sheet FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY , Data, and PurposeMonday, April 16, 2017 Case #OffenseLocationSynopsis201714248Murder, attempted1204 S Stonegate Dr On 4/15/2017 at 2100, Suspect (Larry Thompson, B/M, 12/14/1991) and Victim (Thomas Gonzolez, H/M, 01/19/1990) got into an argument at the PubNGrub bar. A shot was fired by the suspect,and the victim suffered a bullet graze to his head. He was transported to St. Mary’s Hospital and will survive. K-9 and Air Unit conducted a search for suspect, who was found in bushes on the next block and was arrested. 201714166 Aggravated assault2519 W Wake RdOn 4/14/2017 at 2000–2200, Suspect (Christopher Allen, W/M, 7/1/1986) fired shots in the air atClub Y. Suspect was apprehended immediately by security and off-duty officers. Said to be an initiation for a local skinhead group. 201714288Burglary, other2301 N Janey St Sometime between 4/13/2017 at 1900 and 4/15/2017 at 0900, the Holy Trinity Church was vandalized, with approximately $50,000 in physical damage. Also, racist, antireligious graffiti was painted throughout the church.Table 7.7 Command Briefing ReportPotential Use: Operational personnel use these results to implement proactive problem-solving responses for these particular locations to prevent future calls for service and stop the problematic activity.Management Description: Table 7.9 is a brief summary of a crime pattern that includes information about the crimes an analyst has linked together by crime type (commercial burglary), the area of their occurrence (Beat 42), the method of the crimes (accessed through air conditioning ducts), and the time in which they occurred (overnight hours). These summaries are produced as crime patterns occur and are not a regularly produced report.Potential Use: This is another example in which multiple personnel would use the report. Management personnel use these results to direct operational personnel from the patrol division as well as other support divisions to collaboratively implement short-term crime reduction strategies. The responses would include directed and undercover patrol, providing crime prevention advice to residents in the pattern area, contacting the known offenders living in the pattern area, and so on. Note that the daily roll call report directs patrol resources on a variety of problems for a particular day, whereas this FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 201September 11, 2017–October 1, 2017124 E Main St (Righty’s Bar)DateTime DayCall TypeDispositionCase #9/30/20172200SatDisturbanceUnable to locateNone9/28/20171954ThuLoud noiseCitation issued2017097899/25/20172103MonLoud noiseWarning issuedNone9/17/20172356SunDisturbancePeace restoredNone3519 SE Cedar Ave (Hotspot Gas and Go)DateTime DayCall TypeDispositionCase #10/1/20170032SunLoiteringCitation issued20171210239/30/20172100SatDisturbanceTrespass warningNone9/15/20170120FriTrespassingUnable to locateNone4428 N Grand Ave (Public Library)DateTime DayCall TypeDispositionCase #9/30/2017 945SatLoiteringPeace restoredNone9/29/20171034FriLoiteringWarning issuedNone9/29/20171345FriDisturbanceArrest made2017099459/22/20171622FriDisturbancePeace restoredNone9/14/20171007ThuLoud noisePeace restoredNoneTable 7.8 Top Addresses for Disorder: Precinct 33report directs a collaborative response of patrol, criminal investigations, crime prevention, and actions from the public information officer until the pattern is resolved (for more detail see Part II Tactical Crime Analysis).Command Description: Figure 7.8 is a map depicting (with dots) the locations of all thefts from vehicles occurring over 3 months in District 2 as well as patterns of crimes (with large circles) that have been identified during the same time period. The labels for each pattern indicate the month in which the pattern was identified as well as its unique assigned number.Potential Use: This map, produced each month for the previous 3 months, assists command personnel in determining 1) whether proactive responses to these crime patterns are working, or 2) whether individual crime as well as crime patterns are continually occurring in the same area and might be escalating into larger long-term problems that may require additional response.FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. s, Data, and PurposeHot Spot of Commercial Burglaries in Beat 42# of Incidents:Five crimes, two attemptsDate range:September 15, 2017–September 21, 2017Time range: All incidents occurred overnight (between 2000 and 0700) during the weekTarget:Commercial businesses in plazas with roof-accessed air conditioning ductsProperty taken:Computers, printers, cash, and in two cases a safeGeneral location: Northwest area of Beat 42Method (MO):In five cases, entry was made into the business through theroof via an air conditioning duct. In two cases, entry was made from a neighboring business (that was entered through the roof the same night). In all cases, only the most expensive equipment was taken, even if it was large and heavy. Burglar alarms were activated in only the two attempts; officers found evidence of attempted entry through the roof, but after a canvas of the area, no suspects were found.Table 7.9 Crime Pattern Summary InformationFigure 7.8 Theft From Vehicle Incidents and Patterns: April–MaySource: Port St. Lucie (Florida) Police Department, Michelle Chitolie.FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 203Long-TermOperational Description: Table 7.10 is a list of the five offenders with the most violent criminal offenses that live in a particular area of the city. This report uses 6 months of arrest data to identify these offenders, so it is considered a long-term analysis report. Note that using 12 or even 24 months of data could result in different individuals on the report.Potential Use: Both patrol and criminal investigations personnel can use this information to implement responses to deter these offenders from future criminal activity.Management Description: Figure 7.9 illustrates a comparison analysis created for an apartment community that was identified as a problem location. This example is a part of a more comprehensive analysis product that would be used to guide long-term crime reduction responses. The report shows a chart of the number of calls for service per year at ABC apartments, with a line depicting the city goal of calls for service, indicating that this complex consistently has high RankNameDate of BirthCurrent AddressRace/SexConvictions Corrections Status1Marshall, James5/23/19561456 E Harvard AveWhite/MaleArmed robbery, auto theft, aggravated assault, domestic assault, stalking, DUIOn parole until 5/20192Holden, John4/12/19671219 S Harrison StBlack/MaleSexual assault, armed robbery, assault of a police officerOn parole until 1/20183Venarila, Manuel8/24/1979980 S Appenton RdHispanic/MaleDomestic assault, sexual assault, DUIOn probation until 8/20214Gregory, Josh9/18/19831280 E Main StBlack/MaleArmed robbery, burglary, aggravated DUI, aggravated assault with a weaponHouse arrest until 6/20195Adams, Michael1/12/1992400 N Lexington StWhite/MaleSexual assault, stalking, domestic assault, armed robberyDue to be released from prison 4/2018Table 7.10 Top Violent* Offenders Residing in District 5: January–June 2017*Convicted of any type of violent crime, sexual or nonsexual, domestic or nondomestic.FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. s, Data, and Purpose302520151050200620072008200920101319161424CFS to the ABC Apartments2010 City Goal for 24-Unit Property: 9 CFS Year (0.36 x 24 units)CFS Per Year to ABC Apartments Comparedto the City Goal: 2006–2010Figure 7.9 Problem Analysis Results: ABC ApartmentSource: Chula Vista (California) Police Department, Karin Schmerler.Note: A number of call types are not counted in this report, including traffic collisions, lost or found property, vehicle impounds, any calls canceled prior to dispatch, or any officer-initiated CFS without associated case reports.2010 Police CFS per unit, per year ratio for the ABC Apartments (24 CFS/24 units)Median Police CFS per unit, per year ratio for city apartments with 8+ unitsCompared to other city properties, the ABC Apartments’ 2010 CFS per unit, per year ratio is1.000.362.8 times higherAddressUnit2010 CFS1234 ABC StreetUnit 591234 ABC StreetUnit 331234 ABC StreetUnit 2231234 ABC StreetUnit 1221234 ABC StreetUnit 711234 ABC StreetUnit 1011234 ABC StreetUnit 1111234 ABC StreetUnit 1711234 ABC StreetNo unit specifiedCFS Type2010 CFSDomestic Violence4Psychological Evaluation4Vandalism3Disturbance – Family2Disturbance – Person2Check a Person’s Well Being1Disturbance – Noise1Incident Evaluation1Other Incident1PR Contact1Stalking1Suspicious Circumstances1Suspicious Person1Vehicle Theft1Total Number of CFS to Each Unit From Most to LeastCall Types to Your Complex From Most Common to Least CommonFOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 205numbers of calls for service. It also shows that this community has almost 3 times as many calls for service per apartment unit than other communities in the city and provides a frequency of calls by building and the most common types of calls at the location.Potential Use: Police managers use these results to understand what specific problem this apartment community is experiencing as well as how it compares to others in the city. Along with other information not shown here but covered in depth in Part III: Strategic Crime Analysis, the analysis helps to determine appropriate responses and prioritize which responses should be implemented first. It also establishes a baseline for comparison once the responses have been implemented to determine if the crime reduction strategies were effective. These and other measures would be collected again to show how the community compared to others in the city and how the specific problem addressed had been impacted.Command Description: Figure 7.10 is an example of a chart that depicts monthly counts and the linear trend line of residential burglary before and after police response was implemented in November of 2017. For comparison, the chart includes the monthly counts and linear trend line for all other Part I property crime (commercial burglary, theft, and auto theft) for which specific proactive responses were not implemented. Including a comparison to other property crime occurring in the same jurisdiction assists in understanding whether 0100200300400500600700Jan-17Feb-17Mar-17Apr-17May-17Jun-17Jul-17Aug-17Sep-17Oct-17Nov-17Dec-17Jan-18Feb-18Mar-18Apr-18May-18Jun-18Number of Reported Crimes Police Response BeganResidential BurglaryOther Part I Property CrimeFigure 7.10 Residential Burglary Response EvaluationFOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. s, Data, and Purposeproperty crime is going down generally or just for residential burglary, for which the agency has implemented specific crime reduction efforts. The chart provides linear trend lines for the crime occurring before and after the responses have been implemented, allowing the commanders to more easily see the differences.Potential Use: Commanders would use these results to evaluate whether the agency’s crime reduction efforts for residential burglary had been effective and whether the response could, if successful, be concluded or, if not, needed adjustment.SUMMARY POINTS This chapter describes a typology that classifies crime analysis results by type of activity, purpose, and audience. The following are the key points addressed in this chapter:••The crime analysis typology is a classification system that provides a structure for crime analysis results based on the stratification of type of problem, purpose of crime analysis results, and type of audience.••Three types of problems are broken down by the temporal nature of the activity and the complexity of the problem; they include immediate problems, short-term problems, and long-term problems. (For definitions, see Chapter 3.)••There are two distinct purposes of crime analysis results—to facilitate situational awareness and to guide crime reduction strategies.••Situational awareness is the development of a perception of the environment. Crime analysts produce “information” for police personnel about crime and other activity. This information is created simply to report facts and does not present conclusions about what the facts mean, how they are related to other issues, or why they are occurring.••Crime reduction analysis results are created with the intention of guiding police in implementing specific strategies for crime reduction. Essential characteristics of factual information are examined, and conclusions are presented about the relationships that exist among the facts.••Three types of internal police audiences are discussed in this chapter—operational, management, and command.••The term operational personnel generally refers to line-level officers (e.g., officers, corporals) and first-line supervisors (e.g., corporals, sergeants).FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. pter 7 | Crime Analysis Purpose and Audience 207••The term management personnel generally refers to midlevel police managers, such as lieutenants and, in some cases, captains.••The term command personnel generally refers to those who serve as the leadership of the police organization, such as the chief or sheriff, deputy chiefs, majors, and, in some cases, captains.DISCUSSION EXERCISES* Exercise 1Describe an example of crime analysis results for both situational awareness and crime reduction purposes (any problem or audience) for the following data:••Traffic crash data••Registered sex offender data••911 hang up calls-for-service dataExercise 2Contrast the types of information for situational awareness that the different audiences within a police agency require. What are the key differences? How does the information overlap? Describe how each type of audience might use Figure 7.3 and Figure 7.5.Exercise 3Contrast the types of analysis for crime reduction that the different audiences within a police agency require. What are the key differences? How do their requirements overlap? For example, describe how each type of audience might use Table 7.8 and Figure 7.9.FOR THE USE OF GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. YON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION, SALE, OR REPRINTING. ANY AND ALL UNAUTHORIZED USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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