Table of Contents
Question 1 (10 points)
It’s pretty simple to extract DNA (even proteins) from cells. Scientists have been doing so for nearly 200 years.
(1) So what was the point of Hershey and Chase choosing to use radioactive labels for the DNA and cellular proteins in their work? Why did they need to do it, and what were they doing that was different than what had been done before?
(2) What did it allow them to discover or confirm?
NOTE: All answers must be detailed and fully address the questions asked, and must incorporate and reference, at minimum, the course materials. Brief and/or insufficient answers that do not reflect rigorous academic effort and college-level critical thought on the part of the student will receive little to no credit.
*If the question above presents questions in list (i.e. numbered) form, you MUST clearly label your answer in the given list form (i.e. use the same numbers provided) and address each question separately in order to receive credit.
Mendel described inheritance as being "particulate."
(1) Explain what he meant by this.
(2) Explain how his ideas were different than the "blended inheritance" theory at the time.
(3) Give a simple analogy for each of these models that illustrate their differences. The analogies should be capable of being understood by even a non-science student.
Question 3 (10 points)
Discuss the controversy surrounding Rosalind Franklin and her impact on the discovery of DNA structure. What was her role? Why did she receive no recognition? In your opinion, was what happened to her fair? Why or why not? This may require you to do some additional research beyond the course materials.
Question 4 (10 points)
Refer to the structure of DNA presented in the course materials.
(1) What are the defining characteristics of this molecular structure?
(2) Which are the most important in terms of DNA replication?
(3) Which are most important to "Central Dogma"?
(4) Which part, exactly, did Hershey and Chase radioactively label?
(5) Why are DNA molecules that contain more A-T base pairs easier to separate than those with more G-C base pairs?
Question 5 (10 points)
Sometimes when a mutation occurs, it results in the loss of activity in a specific enzyme. Can we then conclude that there was no protein produced by the mutated gene? Explain your answer.
Question 6 (10 points)
The bread mold Neurospora gets its orange color (O) from a specific enzymatic reaction as shown below. The compounds that cause the coloration (W, Y, O) are not necessary for the mold’s life cycle, but orange is the wild-type color due to this biochemical pathway (W = white, Y = yellow, O = orange). Using the reaction below, complete the table with the correct colors for each cell culture.
Format your answer like this (i.e., copy/paste this into the textbook and provide the appropriate colors):
NOTE: You MUST clearly label your answer in the given list form (i.e. use the same numbers and format provided) and address each question separately in order to receive credit.
Question 6 options:
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Question 7 (10 points)
A trio of APUS genetics students created a mutant strain of E. coli that, unlike the normal strain, cannot synthesize methionine (i.e. it is auxotrophic for MET). MET therefore must be present in its growth medium. This is kind of a big deal, since MET corresponds to the start codon in DNA transcription. Each of the 3 students built plasmid DNA libraries from the wild-type parental (normal) strain. They each used different restriction enzymes to clone the fragments, and then transformed the mutant (auxotrophic) strain with their own library. Their chosen restriction enzyme and their results are as follows:
Their experimental control suggests that the actual transformation process worked fine, so how can these results be explained? (HINT: Think about how restriction enzymes work, their degree of precision, etc.)
Question 8 (10 points)
Figure 27 in the course textbook illustrates a transformation rescue. In this case, it shows the use of a plasmid carrying an a+ gene to rescue an a– strain. The product of the a+ strain is Enzyme A. Could you rescue a– using growth medium containing Enzyme A? What about growth medium containing the product of Enzyme A?
Question 9 (10 points)
Does all DNA have a function? Is all of the DNA in your genome, for example, part of a gene? Explain (be specific).
Question 10 (10 points)
When RNA molecules are transcribed, do they always end up being mRNA transcripts? Explain (be specific).
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